Compare and contrast two different writing styles free essay sample

Diary Four For Journal Four I am going to utilize Katherine O. Seelyes offensive Numbers on Glossy Pages! (Magazines misuse what sells) and Peter Stiglins Seeing as accepting: The Paintings of Judith Belzer. I am going to thoroughly analyze the perspectives and composing styles of these two readings. Katharine discusses the superstar magazines and different magazines read by the more youthful ages. Her article includes the impact of these magazines on customary individuals. She discusses how the editors are in consistent quest for some new ossip and different stories identified with VIPs or something which may be intriguing for the peruser. She likewise utilized statements by various individuals in her article. Dwindle Stiglin then again discusses works of art. He talks all the more insightfully. He began his exposition with a statement by John Berger, We just observe what we take a gander at. To look is a demonstration of decision. We will compose a custom article test on Thoroughly analyze two diverse composing styles or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He didn't utilize any statements, he rather clarified and portrayed the excellence of the artistic creation. Both the articles talk about our advantage. Katherine discusses the fabulousness and publicity the conventional individuals are keen on; and Peter discusses the excellence and the story behind the work of art wherein a typical individual would be keen on. The style of composing is diverse in both the articles. Katherine utilizes meetings of various individuals and clarifies their contemplations, Peter discusses his sentiment and the manner in which he takes a gander at the artistic creation. Toward the end both the articles are intriguing to peruse, contingent upon the data the peruser is searching for. Investigate two distinctive composing styles free paper test O. Jellys shocking Numbers on Glossy Pages! (Magazines abuse what sells) and Peter Stalins Seeing as accepting: The Paintings of Judith Belier. I am going to investigate the perspectives and composing styles of these two readings. Katharine discusses the big name magazines and different magazines read by the more youthful ages. Her article includes the impact of these magazines on customary people.She discusses how the editors are in steady quest for some new tattle and different stories identified with superstars or something which may be intriguing for the peruser. She additionally utilized statements by various individuals in her article. Dwindle Stilling then again discusses works of art. He talks all the more insightfully. He began his article with a statement by John Berger, We just observe what we take a gander at. To look is a demonstration of decision. He didn't utilize any statements, he rather clarified and depicted the magnificence of the work of art. We will compose a custom paper test on Thoroughly analyze two distinctive composing styles or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Both the articles talk about our advantage. Katherine discusses the excitement and publicity the standard individuals are keen on; and Peter discusses the magnificence and the story behind the canvas wherein a typical individual would be Interested In. The style of composing is distinctive in both the articles. Katherine utilizes Interviews of various individuals and clarifies their musings, Peter discusses his supposition and the manner in which he takes a gander at the composition. Toward the end both the articles are Interesting to peruse, contingent upon the Information the peruser Is searching for.

Interview of Health Care Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Meeting of Health Care Leader - Essay Example My job is to prompt and guide my understudies that can inspire them to take part in insightful work. In addition, I need to get ready nursing meetings to teach the student nurture around a few parts of clinical nursing. I need to keep up clinical parts. I generally attempt to add to the scholarly network through powerful positions of authority. How might you depict a pioneer? A pioneer is a person who have a reasonable vision. A pioneer can give solid duty and drive their group towards the vision. Successful initiative abilities can get it going. Authority is the procedure of social impact. An individual can enroll the help and help of different partners in the triumph of a typical assignment. Successful pioneers expertly arrange a gathering of people to achieve a typical target. In human services area, pioneers need to oversee and control every single social insurance group of specialists, attendants and bolster staffs. It can assist the association with maintaining its authoritativ e vale. Powerful initiative in medicinal services association will assist with dealing with the requirements of patients who look for noteworthy treatment and care. What are significant characteristics or qualities of pioneers? A pioneer needs to have inspirational demeanor, conduct and character that can drive a gathering of individuals towards the created objective. A pioneer should be trusted by other. The person ought to have unrivaled trustworthiness and genuineness. A genuine pioneer ought to be energetic about their work and obligation. The person in question ought to have the commitment and energy to build up a few inventive procedures to accomplish effective undertaking result. A decent pioneer ought to be sure about his dynamic capacity. The person in question ought to have the capacity to embrace determined hazard under the dynamic procedure. A decent pioneer ought to give pledge to the greatness (Maxwell, 2005). The person ought to keep up high moral measures in the dyna mic procedure. In addition, a pioneer in a human services association ought to propel all the staffs inside the group to give successful execution. Successful inspiration procedure can upgrade bunch execution. It can straightforwardly reflect in the productivity of that association. What is your own way of thinking of administration? A pioneer is a notable individual who can lead a group toward the path where the targets and objectives can be effectively cultivated. A decent and group situated pioneer by and large recognizes an issue and offers answer for it. The person can pull in the individuals lecturing and sharing their perspective on offering answers for the issues. For instance, during a crisis circumstance a decent medicinal services pioneer need to take a speedy choice inside a small amount of second. Compelling endeavor of calculative hazard can spare an existence of a patient during a crisis circumstance. Also, powerful driving abilities can improve shared gathering work. Moreover, a great head can attempt viable future techniques to accomplish authoritative targets. What realizing encounters have had the most effect on your very own improvement as a pioneer? Administration is intense however very fascinating. An individual can benefit viable authority ability through huge work understanding and persistent practice. Ability or aptitude is another significant perspective that can change a dedicated individual to a decent pioneer. In my self-improvement as a pioneer, I needed to buckle down on my skill and ability. Sheer

Conquering Time and the , I’ve had very little time to read for pleasure. I have deep admiration for those who manage to find the time to read in such a chaotic daily life. and my junior year, I have decided to commit myself to a reading challenge.

The challenge is mainly to see how many books I can read within the year. The length, genre, and format are not restricted or limited in anyway. So far, I’ve read six books, and I’m working hard on my seventh. How have I found the time amidst taking fifteen hours of classes and working 25‒30 hours a week? Audiobooks. Call me a cheater if you will, but audiobooks are the future. Although I love to read a printed book, audiobooks allow me more mobility and the ability to multitask. I can listen while I walk to class, clean my living space, drive home for the weekend, workout, and sometimes, if the task is monotonous, while I work. We live in a very monochronic society, meaning our culture views time as a commodity; we want to complete our tasks in an orderly fashion and without delay. Those who â€Å"waste time† are often viewed as being lazy, while those who use their time wisely are praised. With a monochronic mindset, it’s easy to think that we don’t have the time to read. However, when we closely examine the amount of time we allot to certain activities, we realize that we could make the time to accomplish more than what we think. Reading can be one of these activities. Spending time reading allows us to view the world through a different pair of eyes while entertaining our imagination. For me, I replaced my relaxation/Netflix time with reading, as reading is often as vivid—if not even more vivid—of an experience as watching a program. People love competition. Some may claim that they are not competitive, and maybe that is so, but I don’t think anyone would argue that he would prefer to lose over winning. And rewards go a long way to motivate someone because positive reinforcement works. Accepting this is an important part of self-motivation. Through participating in a reading challenge, you can positively motivate yourself to read more and experience the vast benefits of literature. But the benefits of reading aren’t just about completing the task. Through audiobooks, my sense of sentence structure in verbal communication becomes more complex. Although we have heard many words and understand them, we don’t typically use them. These words are our passive vocabulary. Reading helps us to transition words from our passive vocabulary into our active vocabulary. That’s a big benefit! It doesn’t matter whether you challenge yourself to read more novels, more classics, or more books to your children. What matters is getting started and challenging yourself to be a better version of yourself. If you need help getting started, there are many great reading challenges available that provide monthly rewards. Pizza Hut and We Are Teachers both have great challenges for students and teachers, and there are many other reading challenges to be found on the internet. Do you need a great book list? Check out IEW’s reading list, Sarah Mackenzie’s book list, and the wonderful resource, Timeline of Classics. I hope you begin to employ the natural desire for rewards and winning and strive to find unique ways to read more. Don’t let the digital age hinder you from personal growth, but use it to your advantage through audiobooks, e-books, and online challenges. A myriad of benefits awaits you!    Nick Buscemi  has been associated with IEW since childhood when his father began working for the company. This has given him extensive experience with IEW's methods of speaking and writing, having taken many years of classes from Andrew Pudewa. Enjoying communicative interaction, Nick is majoring in Public Relations at the University of Oklahoma. Log in or register to post commentsNick Buscemis blog Log in or register to post comments

Nationalism and War Essay - 1087 Words

Nationalism and War Does nationalism have a relationship with the causes of the wars between 1792 and 1914? This can be disputed through the events of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the unification struggles of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s, the Alliance systems of the late 1800’s and the assassination of the Austrian archduke before the outbreak of World War 1. During the French Revolution in 1792, an effort was made to remove Austrian presence from French lands. This came about in part because King Louis XVI wanted to seek help from the Austrians to remove the reformers, persuading France to declare war on Austria. The Jacobins were afraid that this war would have an irreversible effect on the Revolution.†¦show more content†¦Many of the wars during this time led to nationalistic feelings in the countries that Napoleon had conquered. This became visible in the resistance of the Spanish and Prussians after Napoleon conquered them. Spain revolted because Napoleon took away the privileges of the nobles and made his brother, who the Spanish considered a foreigner, king. Similarly, during the War of Liberation, patriotic and nationalistic principles led Prussia to revolt against the French invasion. With great patriotism and nationalism, Prussia defeated France in1813. The Napoleonic Wars were not wars of nationalism, but were of one mans dream of being a conqueror. At another time in history, Bismarck was instrumental in the unification of Germany. It was his thirst for expansion and Prussian rule throughout Germany that drove him. It was during the unification of the southern states that nationalism played an essential role. With the help of Austria, Bismarck’s first strike was at Denmark in 1864. Austria only joined in the hope that Schleswig and Holstein would not become part of Prussia. This was a catalyst for the Austro-Prussian war in 1866 that resulted in the defeat of Austria. In agreement, Prussia assumed territorial control over Schleswig and Holstein and other German states. Consequently, this led to the unification of the northern states, leaving Austria out of Prussian affairsShow MoreRelatedEvil nationalism in total war3402 Words   |  14 Pageslike Germany has a very strong nationalism thinking in their mind, which helped them to build up the second largest navy through out the entire Europe and to be more aggressive o n declaring war on other nations. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was a great chance for Germany to test their army, therefore Germany encouraged Austria to declare war on Serbia and claimed that she would provide help if Austria did that. As a result, this led to the beginning of World War I that at the end led to greatRead MoreNationalism As A Cause Of World War I1477 Words   |  6 Pages Nationalism as a Cause of World War I Matthew Moore Ms. Beck Honors World Cultures Period 3 19 May 2017 Nationalism entails the people of a nation â€Å"exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.† The concept of nationalism, essentially an extremist’s angle to patriotism, fueled the actions of many countries heading into World War I. Before the war, nationalismRead MoreThe World War I Was A Crisis Caused By Imperialism, Nationalism, And Nationalism1501 Words   |  7 PagesFirst World War was definitely a crisis caused by imperialism, nationalism, as well as other things. Between the fighting over government types and the push to colonize every nation that was not under one of the European nations already, it is no wonder war broke out. Each of these causes directly or indirectly led to the powder keg which set off one of the most massive, expensive wars the world had ever seen up until that point. It was the greed and nationalism that set off this war and these ideasRead MoreWorld War I s Nationalism1123 Words   |  5 Pages World War I’s Nationalism Mr. Feddersen Katie Currier February 10, 2016 Nationalism is a feeling that â€Å"people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries† (Simple). Nationalism along with militarism and imperialism caused the internal conflicts in Europe. But Nationalism was the primary cause of the internal conflicts in Europe that became World War I. Europe’s nationalism in the 1800’s was calledRead MoreNationalism and the Origins of World War One910 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism occurs when a race of group of people create an indentity in which they have a love and a loyalty for. This group will have a common factor of race, language, culture or religion. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian Archduke during the time of 1914, sparked off an already existing conflict between Austria and Serbia. The force of Nationalism influenced this conflict between Serbia and Austria due to the nationalistic views of the Serbian people. The conflict that occurredRead MoreThe War of 1812 and Its Effects on American Nationalism2077 Words   |  9 Pagescriteria the years following the War of 1812, otherwise known as the Era of Good Feelings, must be considered a time of exceptional growth and development in the United States, but above all, it may be considered a time of evolution and ripening of American nationalism, unification, and economic prowess. The war of 1812 was a very problematic war. States did not fulfill their duties, while commanders and leaders were not informed or supplied enough to keep up the war. But what awakened during thisRead MoreHow Nationalism Led to World War I817 Words   |  3 PagesBefore World War 1 began there were many conflicts between many countries, these conflicts are what eventually led to the war. Nationalism lead to World War 1 for reasons people believed they needed to fight for their country, many people who weren’t fighting wanted to support their soldiers, and ma ny soldiers felt as if they couldn’t back out of the war. Militarism was a cause because each country was building up their weapons and ammunition, as well as building up their armies. Finally Kaiser WilhelmRead MoreThe Role Of European Nationalism During World War I Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of European Nationalism in World War I World War I, also known as the War to End All Wars, was one of the largest and most well known historical events of the twentieth century lasting from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918. It was a global war that took place all throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean. Large empires, such as Germany, had a strong sense of nationalism, a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country, often with theRead MoreThe Confederate War : How Popular Will, Nationalism, And Military Strategy1360 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1997, famed Civil War historian Gary W. Gallagher produced a rather extraordinary scholarly work entitled The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave off Defeat. Throughout the course of his work, Gallagher takes issue with the model put forth by many contemporary historians that the collapse of the Confederacy was more a case of internal decay on the Southern home front rather tha n military defeat on the field of battle. As a persuasive alternativeRead MoreWorld War I Was The Rise Of Nationalism And Imperialism990 Words   |  4 PagesWorld war I had three main causes and the first was the rise of nationalism and imperialism. During the 100-year period of peace, nationalism became popular among the European countries. This lead to the creation of a new power, such as Germany, who began to looking for land in the sun, which caused growing tension in Europe. The spread of nationalism lead to the build up of military strength around Europe and encouraged public support for the military. There was an arms race between France, Russia

Tapping the Ethnic Housing Market Essay - 799 Words

XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX Tapping the Ethnic Housing Market Opportunities The Biggest opportunities and challenges that lenders and real estate faced through the three ethnicities surveyed, African American, English Hispanic and Spanish Hispanic, is the feeling of ownership among these segments that is between the 79 and 82% (Table A) of the population surveyed (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010), the lack of knowledge when buying a home, and lack of confidence in the process. Those three facts open opportunities to lenders and real estates to position their products, to better serve each segments needs and desires, trough the appropriate education to the each segment, a superior understanding of it life-style, and†¦show more content†¦Tables B and C, shown their knowledge and confidence over the process is higher among African American, and Spanish Hispanic, this could be product of the path of acculturation this segment have had over the years. The main strategy for African American and English Hispanic will be understand their family values, life experiences and provide the proper tools and education through free seminars in regards of the Lender products and the Real Estate Market alternatives available to them. Spanish Hispanic Spanish Hispanic segment is the largest among the other 3 segments due to the diversity of nationalities as Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central Americans (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010), are part of this group, they hold the lowest interest rate on buying a home with only a 79% of population concerned on the ownership feeling (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010), likewise only 60% of the population knows that the require documentation is also available in their language, making this segment the least confidence, since only 18% (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010) of the population surveyed understand the process. The strategy here will have put the hardest work, educating and gaining the population trust which is brand loyal, and comprehendible on their-own language (Hawkins amp; Mothersbaugh, 2010).Show MoreRelatedTapping the Ethnic Housing Market1255 Words   |  6 PagesTapping the Ethnic Housing Market Opportunities and Challenges for Housing Lenders and Realtors The tables in the text make it clear that there is a large gap between the minority population and the general population in regard to knowledge and education about the housing market. Housing discrimination and unethical lending practices are at the root of this problem. Housing and communities remain segregated despite all of the progress America has made since the Civil Rights Movement. MinoritiesRead MoreGlobalization and Religion Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pageslines of religious borders are becoming blurred. According to Merriam Webster, globalization is defined as the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets (2007). The exponential growth that businesses are experiencing is forcing corporations to expand into international territories at a rapid pace. With the growth of these companies comes an interesting dynamic of religious blendingRead MoreCase Study on Diversity Management3686 Words   |  15 PagesDiversity management: the challenge for the future Diversity management is not just a soft skill dealing with the moral refinements of fairness. It is not an affirmative action programme with crazy quotas; rather it means new markets, new customers, new users of your products and services. A Are you a CEO of a corporation? Or perhaps the director of marketing, product development or the HR department? Are you responsible for large projects? If you are, you may have noticed the increasingRead MoreKenya Vision 20307136 Words   |  29 PagesMombasa and Kisumu, and also leverage Isiolo as new high-end destination. 2. INCREASING VALUE IN AGRICULTURE Kenya will raise incomes in agriculture, livestock and fisheries by processing and thereby adding value to her products before they reach the market. She will do so in a manner that enables producers to compete with the best in other parts of the world. This will be done through an innovative, commercially oriented and modern agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector. These interventions areRead MoreMarks Spencer Marketing Planning and Control4477 Words   |  18 PagesCHAPTER I BACKGROUND Marks Spencer Plc is going to enter a new market for their biscuit section in Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Darussalam is a country in South East Asia with great market potential as they have a big amount of GDP. They are going to make an innovation in order to attract the costumer in Brunei. The innovation they are willing to make is making a new biscuits flavour that suits Bruneian. To enter this new market MS chooses to do indirect-exporting, by selling their biscuits toRead MoreAlgeria s Institutional Framework And The Country s Challenging Business Environment2422 Words   |  10 Pages30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Strong revenues from hydrocarbon exports have brought Algeria relative macroeconomic stability, with foreign currency reserves approaching $200 billion and a large budget stabilization fund available for tapping. In addition, Algeria s external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. However, the government has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon indus tries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth, and as a result of which ,Read MoreSolutions to the Niger Delta Problems in Nigeria4181 Words   |  17 Pagesregion In oil producing areas, most of the economy depends on the oil companies. Small and medium scale enterprises do not thrive in that region and are scarce for a number of reasons such as the poor economic climate, lack of capital, poor access to markets and sources of raw materials and high risk due to crime and poor security. Agricultural underdevelopment The average Niger Deltan is either a farmer or a fisherman. The activities of the oil companies have sometimes resulted in oil spillageRead MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesAccording to the   MasterCard   Worldwide   Index   of   Consumer   Confidence   released   in   March   2012,   Singapore’s    consumer confidence index fell sharply in contrast to sentiment in emerging markets such as Indonesia, Thailand and India, all of which could generate growth from their large domestic markets.   Singaporeans’   key   concerns   were   reported   to   be   the   rising   cost   of   living   and   job    security. More consumers reduced household expenses and channelled spare cash into savings. WithRead MoreNon Profit Organization5180 Words   |  21 Pagesagencies and community development corporations face substantial challenges in measuring their effectiveness. Furthermore, most nonprofit organizations do not have the benefit of unambiguous market feedback to let them know how well they are serving their clients. (Nonprofit organizations exist because neither the market nor government is providing the service; most are funded in part of completely by sources other than the direct beneficiaries of their work.) 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Robin Hood Case free essay sample

The case of Robin Hood is about his efforts to try to overthrow the sheriff. He put together a group of men who were originally united in their efforts. Robin Hood used to have a rob from the rich, give to the poor and anybody is welcome strategy. However, the group began to grow in size and Robin Hood found it more difficult to discipline and enforce his policies. Robin Hood has developed a large following that is starting to overextend their resources, and Robins competitor, the sheriff, is becoming more efficient, organized, and well supplied. The sheriff has powerful friends in Nottingham and he is also allied with the Prince, but the Prince is unpopular among the people who long to see the return of King Richard. Robin Hood needs to deliver a powerful blow to the sheriff before the blow is dealt to Robin Hood. Robin Hood has many resources, including a strong following, arms, food, and capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Problem Statement Robin Hood has to change his strategy. The biggest problem he is facing is the size of his organization. How big can this operation get before it is too big? Another large problem for Robin Hood and his band is their confiscation policy is outdated and the sheriff is growing stronger. He is now getting more money and his men are starting to harass the band. Mission Statement The new mission statement for Robin Hood is â€Å"Rob from the rich, give to King Richard. † The barons are now seeking to collect the ransom that will release King Richard the Lionheart from jail to overthrow Prince John. The old mission statement with Robin Hood’s group was â€Å"Rob from the rich, give to the poor. † As the organization expanded, that mission statement needed to be changed because Robin Hood wanted to tax the poor. Get a strong following for King Richard and ask for donations/taxes from anyone in support (farmers and townspeople). Continue to rob from the rich to help fund the ransom. Use strong support of people to help protect the mission and oust the Prince. This will make the people happy and without the Princes support, the Sheriff will return to the same level of competition with Robin Hood for revenge. 2. Robin could have a structure of organization if he wants all the men he can find. Instead of his decisions being made and not questioned, he could appoint some of his closest men to make decisions for him in different areas. After all, he sees the need for strength in numbers but good and effective communication is also needed. 3. Robin Hood could eliminate the Merrymen, who are looting the goods from the merchants that used to travel through the woods. This will help shrink the size of the Merrymen and help increase the unity of the group back to the old ways of doing business. To meet Robin’s overall vision he needs to focus on recruiting candidates that fit the organizations goals. Having a better screening process can help Robin determine what each candidate’s skill sets are and if they are suitable for the needs of the Merrymen.

Theology- Church and Sacraments Essay Example

Theology- Church and Sacraments Essay All of which I am about to write in this short synthesis is solely taken from the book entitled, Church and Sacraments by Victoria D. Corral, Ed. D. Et al. No other reference was used in the makings. The 12 chosen apostles of Jesus Christ were the first footsteps taken to the creation of the Church, which was born from the Fathers plan in order to continue the mission He had done and that is to proclaim the Kingdom of God. The early Christian community was the beginning of the Church as each apostle begins the Journey of spreading His Word to all nations. Despite the universal acceptance of the many, it ad not always been as acceptable as it is now, before in Christs time. The division between Jews and Gentile had been in continuous tension since then. After the death and resurrection of Christ, the apostles had received the Holy Spirit which enabled them to receive the knowledge of His Word and began to preach immediately afterwards. The converts grew and not too long after had others been convince to widen their horizons and soon began preaching to Gentiles as well. Peter, a disciple of Jesus began teaching to the Jews, while Paul (Saul), though untimely born, taught to the Gentiles. The spread and development of the Christian community grew yet as I have stated a while back, it was not readily accepted to communicate with the Gentiles as Jews became more tapped with the Gospel. And amongst these, Paul took on the stubbornness of the Jewish Christians by preaching radical liberations to temples and synagogues. To Paul, the encounter he had with Jesus at the Road of Damascus had sent the message that it is time to break the boundaries that separated these two. We will write a custom essay sample on Theology- Church and Sacraments specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theology- Church and Sacraments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theology- Church and Sacraments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Paul, who participated in the Council of Jerusalem with other apostles, had defended the Gospel of freedom from the Law and among the iscussed issues was that of Circumcision and keeping the law. The conflict between Paul and the Judaizers, people who believe that he Jewish Law is a must to attain salvation, was resolved when the council had resolved to believe that of Pauls argument. Pauls mission reached as far as the Greco-Roman world with Barnabas as a companion along the Journey. The young Church did not remain at peace when it had first been established. It received much hatred from the Romans who believed that their emperor was Divine and laws were important. As such, the apostle James ecame the first apostle to be martyred during Herod Agrippas persecution of the Church. Christians during this time were blamed for every crime done during then; be it treason, wars, illnesses, and such. Christians did not experience the luxury of life back then having faced death untimely, persecutions, and many devastating events. An example would be the reign of Nero. Nero, who put parts of Rome in fire, blamed the Christians as the cause and caused many to die so he could divert the punishment to him. Peter and Paul had died as well and by then all the apostles had ied by martyrdom, which gave the Churchs image as the Church of the Martyrs. St. Ignatius first coined the term Catholic Church which means the Universal Church. Still, it faces difficulty as people begin to oppose the doctrines of the Church and replaced it with other beliefs. These people were called Heretics or people who commit heresy. Heresy in the East dealt with Arianism which denies Jesus as but only a first divine creature. While the West dealt Donatism which claims that anyone committing a grave sin will never be able to return to grace. During the reign of Emperor Constantine, at a point the Church and State had come to common grounds such that Catholic religion became close to being the national religion, the ranks of popes and bishops were established, and the Arianisms spread was paused due to the establishment of the Council of Nicea. But, not too long afterwards, the-so-called religious purpose had turned political where the Church became subservient to the State and with the change of heart of Constantine to side with Arius after exiling him during the Council of Nicea. The reign of Theodosius became the year where the Catholics had been at its peak as he declared Catholic as the national religion. Despite attempts to regain the lost during the disparities, much of the original doctrines have been shattered. Arianism at some point ended but was again spread due to the coming of the West migrants such as Visigoths. Destroying many Catholic churches and bringing disaster, Roman Empire enters the Dark Ages period. Although, at the time, bishops and popes became more functional in civil authority, it was not of power, but because of the opportunity to impart the religious authority. Afterwards, Catholic Church soon became the Roman Catholic Church. On the other hand, the East maintained traditions and at the Council of Chalcedon, Pope Leo disagreed with the decision to make Constantinople equal to Rome and fought for papal primacy. Written in Pope Leos papacy was the greatest mission taken place that when the empire collapses, the only way to protect all was the conversion of the barbarians. When Christendom was created, it paved the way to the conversion of the barbarians. When Clovis, for example, was baptized, he used the Church in stabilizing moral codes towards his men. Gregory the Great laid the foundation of the medieval Christendom making the pope supreme. But still corruption and abuses remained. Monks also played another role in the Church as they accompany the dissolution of the Empire. The monks who created monasteries allowed intellectual life to continue as the Roman Empire crumble. But it also created a split-level Christianity and this was provided by St. Benedict. He influenced monasticism as a place of religious and economical way where it became a place of learning. He went as far as the West and earned the title Father of the Western Monasticism. After a short while, a new religion came called Islam which had converted many into Moslems. They conquered many Christian based countries such as Jerusalem. The East felt abandoned as the West ignored their plea for help. Charles Martel led the people to victory when he defeated the Moslems and expanded the Church and its defense which was an act inherited by his son Pepin. He earned his legitimacy to the throne from Pope Zachary who was later succeeded by Pope Stephen. It became traditional that the pope crowns a king when Pepin helped Pope Stephen defeat the Lombards which made Pope Stephen to crown Pepin a second time. Pepins second son Charles or Charlemagne was considered the best ruler at the time since he was ble to unify the Western Europe making Europe Christendom, put all disagreements towards Pope Leo Ill away, and united the Church with the State. But it could not be avoided that Charlemagne became concerned with the matters involving both the government of the Catholic body and life in Church. He, in a way, had taken authority over the Church and it was not the kind of alliance the Church had thought it would turn out. By the 800-1517, papacy and imperial authority began to fade. Although in the 10th century, it had revived much of the power and authority had moved to the emperor, both papal and imperial. This happened in the Kingdom of the East Franks led by Otto the Great who was said to have continued Charlemagnes seeking of the crown from the pope. Otto had great use of the Church making bishops his greatest collaborators since bishops were intellectually learned and bore no child which made it easy for him to replace one. He collaborated with the Church by granting it an independence of a Papal State and the no Pope would be consecrated until he had pledged to the emperor. As the years move on, Feudalism was introduced and it was not warmly welcomed by the Church as its negative effect reached until the Church itself and its bishops. When the bishops became feudal lords, it made monasteries and Episcopal Sees wealthy, but it had come from the labor of the helpless people who were subjugated to be part of the feudal system. It created corruption which reached the monasteries, suffering the consequence was their spiritual life. Thus a new monastic foundation was created to counter the abuses. The monastery of Cluny was one of the two monastic reforms that led to the revival of the monastic life. Clunys monks had been given freedom from the interferences of the feudal lords, granting them the ability to spread Benedictine monasticism quiet prayer and ignified performance of liturgy. Bernard of Clairevaux was the second movement of monastic reform. Considered one of the greatest spiritual leaders, became a counselor to the popes and kings. The birth of two mendicant orders happened afterwards. The Franciscans and Dominicans, which inspired the renewal and rejection of abuse in the Church. During Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand)s rule as pope, he strengthened the Churchs control over itself by giving all power to the pope, making it the supreme head of Christendom. He issued a document called Dictatus Papae(Dictates of the Pope) giving authority to the pope. It also raised the dominance of the code of canon law which made the Church more institutionalized. Many of his reforms included the prohibition of lay investiture, simony, and clerical celibacy. Developing even more, in the rule of Innocent Ill, the Church became more of a papal church and through the Gregorian reform, in hopes of the freedom from secular control; the church became worldly and greedy. Yet despite that, the Popes control over the Church intensified and Christendom experienced its golden age. Through the 13th century under the rule of Pope Urban II, the Church became known s an imperial Church as it waged into war. Knights fighting to recover the Holy Land from the Moslems were called Crusaders. Pope Urban II promised eternal reward to those who Joined and it did not take long for people to be attracted. But despite the main motive of retrieving the Holy Land back, some had Joined for the sake of land and material possessions. Many had died, but according to them, they slaughtered because Deus vult(God wills it). A total of seven Crusades were followed. In the First Crusade called by Pope Urban II, Antioch was retrieved from Moslems, broke through Jerusalem, massacred both Jews and Muslims, retrieved Jerusalem, regained influence of Rome to the East, Crusaders were honored and given indulgence, and exempted from taxes. In the Second Crusade called by Pope Eugene II, due to lack of unity among leaders, the Muslim took hold of all the land the Crusade took, including Jerusalem. In the Third Crusade led by Frederick Barbarossa, who died drowning with his army; Duke of Austria and Philip Augustus, who did not get along with Richard the Lionhearted; and Richard the Lionhearted, who did gain control of some lands, were ll considered as a failed attempt to re-capture Jerusalem as the people became more concerned with the treasures rather the Jerusalem. In the Fourth Crusade and the succeeding Crusades, no attempts of retrieving Jerusalem ever happened again. They ransacked and stole treasures and such destroying churches and caused the Church to split. There was violence and the separation between east and west gotten worst as the Empire weakened and the papacy lost stature. But despite the disadvantages that happened, there were several advantages as well. They opened trade routes, introduced new products like soaps and spices, brought wealth to the West, advance learning on Mathematics and Science, brought philosophical works from Greece, and through all the new discoveries made by the Crusade, it eventually led to the period called Renaissance. But the Crusade was still considered as one of the dark pages of the Dark Ages. Another dark page is the Inquisition started by Innocent Ill. This began due to the desire to eliminate those who are heretics and intending to be both a spiritual leader and a political master, Pope Innocent Ills plan backfires on him as he became the first Pope to apply force in suppressing religious opinion. Back in 1054, during the schism of the East and West, the opposing views of the two sides caused an even greater disparity as they resent each others claims. When Michael Cerularius became patriarch of Constantinople, there was little respect towards the papacy and when the Pope insisted that all living in the West must bow to western rituals, so did the Easts insist on their side. Refusing to acknowledge that preaching could be preached in other languages, Rome and Constantinople ended the connection and separated from each other. Both leaders on the Orthodox Church (East) and Roman Church (West) excommunicated one nother. And with the Fourth Crusade happening at the time, who ransacked Constantinople, only disintegrated the relationship of both Churches and until now remains divided. Now the once spiritual beginning of the Church has become political and divided. In the Avignon Papacy, seven popes established their residence at Avignon, France being precedent by Clement V. His desire for peace between France and England made him establish a new residence but failed. The Avignon papacy weakened the papal authority and eventually leads to the Great Western Schism. Due to the Avignon papacys seventy year absence from Rome, it caused the Great Western Schism which had two popes at the same time, namely Urban VI, who was chosen by the citizens of Rome and Clement VI, who was elected by French cardinals in Avignon as anti-pope as a question to Urban VIs legality. During this time, the division between papal authorities grew and dividing the nations to whom they take orders from as well. Confusion and the need for political control grew in parallel to it. Creating a solution to the crisis, the Concilarism was brought forth. A council took place at Piza where the bishops decided to depose both Popes and lected Alexander V who was succeeded by John XXIII, but both Popes refused making the schism last for 40 years. By the end of the schism, the Council of Constance deposed two claimnants, John XXIII and Gregory XII for the sake of harmony in the Church and thus electing a new Pope, Martin V. Although the papacy triumphs in the concilarism, they did not succeed in reestablishing spiritual leadership over Christendom. Martin V succeeds much in terms or political restoration, but failed to restore the Church and due to this failed attempt, the Protestant Reformation came about. During the 14th to the 16th century, the Renaissance movement had greatly affected the Church as well. Popes became preoccupied with luxury and war, monasteries became consumed with wealth and corruption, learning of Theology as a study of the Scriptures in daily life became nothing more than lifeless teachings. Some tried to recover the essence of the Scriptures like John Huss and Savonarola, but died in flames as heretics. This was also the time where several people became influential in canonizing Christian faith. St. Vincent Ferrer, who spread and brought countless people to repentance; St. Bernandine of Siena, condemning the abuses; and St. Catherine of Siena, who convinced Pope Gregory Xl to return and restore papacy of Rome. At the time the Renaissance began, as I have stated in the last paragraph, it was a time of political improvement but a radical decrease in spiritual growth. The Church fell into corruption, politics, unworthy cardinals, failure to call for a reform council, and such. Popes such as Alexander Xl and Sixtus, failed to uphold the standards of the Church by appointing cardinal seats to family members causing a great imbalance to religious functions. Pope Pius II who wanted the reform trying to limit the involvement of the Pope in political matters, died before issuing it. Several reforms were made by the people who remained in faith with God and despite those in the higher positions failing to be models of Christian faith, simple priests and monks continued to show love and care towards the people. A reform later on called Protestant Reformation became another stone to the Church we see now. At the year 1517-1900, Martin Luther cries out a reform publishing his famous Ninety-Five Theses. At the very beginning, Luther was a monk of the Order of St. Augustine, who kept monastery rules and spent much time studying the Bible where he came to realized that it is by grace through faith that everyone is saved and not by good works. During his time, the selling of indulgence was at its peak and many believed that as they pay their indulgence, their sins are cleanse but Luther knew better. Luther knew how corrupted the Church had become and how money or good works will not save a person. He also knew how people relayed on the external ways man could come up of easy salvation and thus, he passed his writing, Ninety-five Theses, to the Church. Unknown to him, his writings had been translated and sent out to numerous people and many had negative reactions towards it, yet Luther had no intentions of making rebellions act but only share and discuss. A priest complained about him in Rome and a hearing was made whether Luther was a heretic and that he rewrite his writings, but he refuses and continued writing. In December 1520, a papal document stating that if he continues his acts, Luther would be excommunicated arrived to him. Along with others who had the same belief as he, burned the document and on January, he was excommunicated. Luther in the ollowing years was unable to control the movement but despite that, it was evident that in every movement, Luthers cry was in it. Another movement was under Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, which gave birth to Churches now called Reformed and Presbyterian. But the tensions between the two opposing groups cause the thirty years war which was the b test war in Europe. Although there were some g in the Reformation, it was not to Luther, whose intentions were purely religious which escalated into bloodshed and political conflict. Not only that but it had divided the one church into many and hostile churches as well. When the time came where the Catholic Church finally decided to address Luthers questions, the split between the two groups were far too wide already to which still remains today. As a counter- reformation by the Catholic Church was put up, Pope Paul Ill summoned the Council of Trent and made several meetings, some of which were unfruitful, and others of which made progress. The council, after much discussion, answers Luthers question by making the model of the Church as a hierarchical society. The council also reaffirmed the doctrine as salvation that comes from grace, but required good works contradicting Luthers and the Bible), tradition of the Church is source of authority with the Bible, Pope as supreme head of the Church, seven sacraments chosen by Christ, Christ is present in the bread and wine of the Eucharist, saints are intermediaries, and Mary is mother of God and the Church. To assure that all is as followed, Pope Paul Ill instituted the Congregation of the Holy Office or the Inquisition. The Jesuits played an important role as well. Pledging absolute obedience to the Pope, the Jesuits who were intellectually learned made it inevitable that they would be at the forefront of the Catholic resistance to the Reformation. The Council of Trent became an evident fact of the difference between Catholic teaching and Luthers teaching. The council ended when Pope Pius IV approved all their decrees. After all these events, the Catholic Church returned into a Papal Church, Catholic missionaries went back to spreading their religion, Catholic religion grew, but remained as a European Church and Popes became less concerned with civil and political issues. In 1700s, a new philosophy came about called the Age of Reason or Age of Rationalism. The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual movement where reason is the primary source of legitimacy for authority. It was ushered by Francis Bacon and Rene Descrates. Several philosophers like Spinoza and Emmanuel Kant stated the reason alone can help mankind arrive to truth which is why the motto of the Enlightenment period was Take courage to use your brain. During the Enlightenment period, people began to think that if every man can reason out, why must they be dictated what to do? Thus, people came to the point where freedom to decide for themselves, opened up. A movement called Freemansory took place, wherein they believed in doing good works based on human motives making people began to oppose the Church. To begin with, the philosophers were not technically anti-Christians, simply questioned the narrow-minded thinking of the belief. Some scholars took the time to re-evaluate themselves as well in their understanding of the Bible which led them to a conclusion that some things in the Bible can be understood literally, some had no contradiction with mans explanation, and some biblical truths were open for various interpretations. In the years that passed, the Age of Reason turned into the Age of Revolution due to the battle of individual rights which reached the lower class particularly in France. This caused the French Revolution where division between the rich and poor grew wider. Most nobility at the time had despised the Church for its inability to understand freedom of self. Not only was society divided but even the clergies who were divided by social statuses. The French Revolution was the climatic end for the Enlightenment as the Freemasons stir the people into going against the Church. Despite good attempts to make the French Revolution a nonviolent event, it turned into war as the common people found it no good to simply consult the King, rather they took everything into a radical and omprehensive reform changing the traditional governance into a governance free of controls. By removing King Louis XVI as King, they could gain the freedom they sought, but with Louis decision to bring in mercenary troops, the subtle reform turns bloody. In the following events prior to the plans and orders of Louis, many bishops and priest against to the idea of making the church into a state-run church and that the positions of priest and bishops were to be elected by the people. The priest and bishops who were against such solutions were either exiled or killed. Thousands of onasteries were destroyed and in 1793, Louis XVI was beheaded. The French Revolution ended the reign of the Church in Europe. Leading the army, Napoleon Bonaparte restored the countrys order and conquered Western Europe and was threatening Russia. He invaded Italy when Pope Pius VI sided against the revolution, but Pius died not long after. To gain more support for his rule, he re-established the Catholic Church in France where several terms which the bishops and priests had declined before was made. The Pope agreed to the terms which granted the bishops and priests salary in return for agreeing to the terms. When Napoleon was to be crowned emperor, Pope Pius VII was asked to crown him only to find himself imprisoned and Napoleon crowning himself as a sign of insult to the pope. Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon, while Napoleon imprisoned Pius VII for 6 years. When Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna returned the peace and order of France after 30 years. It went back to the monarchial way and Pius VII was returned to Rome. Despite returning to old ways, much of what happened in the French Revolution was visible that civil divorces, civil marriages, and reedom of religion were evident. A great secularization became the consequence of the French Revolution. After the end of Napoleons reign, the Catholic Church took for a better turn as it had a great revival both spiritually and intellectually through the effort of Pope Pius X. King Louis XVIIIs return to the throne brought relief to the Church as he returned the Papal State to Rome, religious order long restrained in France, and many more which made the Church flourish once again. The rule of Pius IX as pope was considered as the longest papacy in history. Concerned with many hings that had changed during the French Revolution and the Enlightenment period, he condemned modern errors and those associating liberalism, rationalism, and the likes. His power reached climax when he called bishops to Rome for Vatican Council I defining papacy primacy and papal infallibility. In the 19th century a new era called Industrialization was formed which made the Industrial Revolution possible where the improvement of technology changed the lives to people creating many divisions and insufficient wages. Pope Leo XIII issued the encyclical Rerum Novarum which ought for the dignity of workers, making him the first pope to concern with social problems. Industrial Revolution and Rationalism soon turned into Modernism trying to interpret Christianity in modern understanding. And as changes go on, many following popes came to defend and did not side with the modernism. John XXIII became the new pope and announced a meeting of an Ecumenical Council would meet. He saw that the Church could not adapt to the changes of the modern world He called forth the Curia for a preparatory work for the Second Vatican Council. The purpose was to promote unity and adaptation to the new world changing many hings in the way they perceived things. It also declared Religious Freedom where all may choose whichever they choose as religion no longer having Catholicism as mandated. After the death of John XXIII, many had mourned for his death as he became a legend in the eyes of men changing the way Catholic religion viewed the world. He was succeeded by the following afterwards: Cardinal Montini (Paul VI), John Paul l, John Paul II, and Cardinal Ratzinger (Pope Benedict WI). Making realized to one man the importance of knowing the Churchs rich and long yet fulfilling history.