Iran-Iraq War Essay Example for Free

Iran-Iraq War Essay The Iran-Iraq War is considered as one of the longest and most violent battles in history. This eight-year long armed conflict was actually the result of many events. The rivalry between Iran and Iraq can be traced from the seventh century. It was a rivalry grounded on the antagonism between Persians and Arabs, just as it was based on the conflict between Sunni Muslims and Shi’a Muslims. These ethnic and religious divisions were further intensified by territorial disputes, which would continue until the 20th Century. In addition, politics played a role in initiating the war itself. The rivalry existed many years ago, but the war was aggravated by the changes in governance in both countries. The Iran-Iraq War was a violent combat between the aforementioned nations from September 1980 until August 1988. The conflict was only stopped with the intervention of the United Nations. The battle proved to be a long and tedious one, as the tension between the countries extended for years. There were also countless casualties as a result of the disastrous occurrence. When the war ended, neither nation could truly be declared the victor. Both Iran and Iraq did not succeed in gaining new territories or political advantages. It is important to note that Iraq was the nation responsible for starting the war. However, the aggression of Saddam Hussein was not the main cause of the war’s occurrence. In fact, there is no single cause to be blamed for the war. The origins of the Iran-Iraq War are deeply rooted in ethnic, religious and territorial conflicts which date back from the seventh century; it was exacerbated in the modern era due to ambitions of dominance. This term paper aims to discuss the reasons behind the Iran-Iraq War on two accounts: the dispute over the Shatt al-Arab river and the political tension caused by the Islamic Revolution and the rise of Ba’ath regime. The Iran-Iraq War occurred because of various reasons. The conflict between the two nations involved was characterized by other conflicts. The tension that had long persisted between Iran and Iraq were caused by differences in religious beliefs and political positions, as well as disagreements on the borders (Iran Chamber Society [ICS], 2009). The problem between the countries was fueled by the problems between the following opposing parties: Sunnis and Shia Muslims, Arabs and Persians, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Saddam Hussein (Ehteshami Hinnebusch, 1997). Moreover, both Iran and Iraq sought to gain supremacy in the region (Brown, 2008). The Iranian-Iraq War which started in September 1980 was a testament to the extended conflict regarding the boundaries of their territories and their share in the Shatt al-Arab river (Hunseler, 1984). The war was also a result of the struggle of both parties to become the most dominant and influential in the region. However, it is important to point out that there is a significant difference between the 1980 war and the conflicts prior to it. The early conflicts between Iran and Iraq were settled with the interference of European countries which only meddled to safeguard their respective interests. As for the 1980 war, both sides fought to preserve their own interests. No external power intervened with that war. Two main reasons why the conflict became prolonged are the mutual disputes over territory (especially the Shatt al-Arab) and the involvement of both sides in the domestic problems of the other (Hunseler, 1984). The Beginning of the Persian-Arab Conflict The origins of the conflict between Iran and Iraq started many centuries before both nations were established. It is important for one to be familiar with the history of the conflict why the 1980 war began in the first place. According to Hunseler (1984), the Iran-Iraq tension had its roots in the seventh century with the Arab-Persian conflict. It was this centuries old rift which ignited the battle over the Shatt al-Arab. Persia stood out from the others because despite being under the control of the Arabs, it retained its national identity (Hunseler, 1984). In AD 636, the Sassanids of Persia lost to the armies of Arab General Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas at the Battle of Qadisiya. Meanwhile, the Persian Empire became dissolved in AD 642 due to the Battle of Nihawand. While they held on to their state’s culture and territorial honor, the Persian population embraced Islam in the aftermath of the collapse of the Persian Empire. The Arabs and the people they conquered viewed Islam and Arabism as a union. However, despite being under the influence of Islam, the culture of Persia cannot be restrained (Hunseler, 1984). An important thing to consider in understanding the history of Persia and its political and social existence is what Hunseler (1984) called the â€Å"juxtaposition of Persia and Islam† (p. 8). The principle was said to have been derived from the notion of the state based on Zoroastrianism. According to the Zoroastrian notion of a state, it must have the following: â€Å"a secularly-legitimized kingship, the survival of the Persian language and the proud awareness of a distinct Persian history† (Hunseler, 1984, p. 8). After two centuries, the Sunni-Arab Abbasid caliphate had become interested in the Persian literature (Hunseler, 1984). In time, the Persian families which belonged to the caliphate of the Abbasids began to assume control by grabbing power repeatedly. From AD 954 until 1055, the Buyid dynasty possessed enough authority to manipulate politics in the western portion of Persia and Iraq. In addition, they also had the power to strictly limit the function of the caliphs of Abbasid to religion only. This was the reason why the legacy left by the Buyids in Iraq was considered as the conflict between Persianism and Arabism (Hunseler, 1984). In the 17th century, the Safavids in Persia declared Shi’ism as the state religion (Hunseler, 1984). The Safavids exerted influence on Persia for 15 long years; they stayed in the state from 1623 to 1638 (Hiro, 1991). The declaration was seen as Persia’s attempt to establish its boundaries and separate itself from Arab nations while keeping the matters under the influence of Islam. Shi’ism became a crucial part of Islamic history, as it was the first to present a rift in the unified world of Islam. This was because Shi’ism founded itself in a separate state. The kings of the Safavids considered themselves as mainly secular leaders; they assigned the religious functions to the theologians. In turn, the Shi’a ministers did not want to give up their posts which were assigned to them under the Safavid rule. Most especially during the time of the Qajar leaders, the clergy were given money and land. The awarding of such gifts allowed them to be financially independent from the king; it also gave them the opportunity to exert political influence. Meanwhile, no such similar progress had occurred in the Sunni Arab states (Hunseler, 1984). The Sunni-Shi’a Problem The existing Persian-Arab conflict had taken a complicated turn with the addition of yet another conflict: the Sunni-Shi’a problem (Hunseler, 1984). The problem was not exactly about tension between the differing branches of Islam. Instead, there was antagonism due to the amount of influence that a particular religion has on the development of political power in the state. The conflict continues at present day, as there are still areas wherein the Arab communities consist of both Sunni and Shi’a factions (Hunseler, 1984). Those who head the Shi’a clergy in Arab countries such as Iraq and Bahrain found difficulty in assuming certain social positions (Hunseler, 1984). In Persia, the Shi’a clergy had no problems exerting influence in society because Shi’ism was revered with national significance. In addition, Shi’a leaders faced with two issues regarding loyalty. First, they encouraged the spread of Shi’ism in states whose population were not exclusively Shi’a. Therefore, they became involved in the centuries-old conflict between the Shi’a and Sunni. Second, they were victims of the suspicions of Arab rulers who thought they were submitting to the influence of non-Arabs (Persians). They were often seen by their Arab counterparts as promoting non-Arab causes. This situation caused the Arab Shi’as to be constantly detached from their political leaders. The separation was also caused by doubt on secular leadership, as well as Shi’a millennialism (Hunseler, 1984). The Persian-Arab conflict and the attempts of both sides to become more dominant and influential than the other in the Middle East became evident in areas where the Sunni and Shi’a groups, and the Arabs and Persians, fought against each other (Hunseler, 1984). Even though the Persians and Arabs in the Arabian peninsula had the Persian-Arab Gulf to set them apart in terms of geography, the conflict eventually made itself apparent on the boundaries on land. This was the primary reason why the conflict persisted for many years; both sides incessantly tried to acquire the territories of the other and the quest for a mutual border dragged on (Hunseler, 1984). The Origin of the Conflict over the Shatt al-Arab The conflict between Iran and Iraq over the Shatt al-Arab river originated in the 17th century and began as the rift between the Ottoman Empire and Persia (Hunseler, 1984). The sultan of Turkey, Murad IV, captured Baghdad in 1638 and the initial resolution regarding the boundaries with Persia was drafted a year later. The Kurds and the Armenians occupied the north while the Arabs dominated the south. The boundary fell on areas wherein the tribes did not consider either the Persians or Turks as their masters. As a result, the border settlement was drafted with consideration to the tribes and the names of the places. The agreement also took in consideration the intention of both parties to unite the tribes of Istanbul or Esfahan. The Kurdish-Armenian boundary caused many conflicts after it was established, but order was always restored in reference to the 1639 resolution. Unfortunately, the 1639 agreement proved lacking in setting the boundaries in the Shatt al-Arab region. On one hand, Persians believed the river itself was a natural border. On the other hand, the Turks upheld the claim that the river belonged to the Ottoman Empire. According to the Turkish point of view, the Arab tribes which occupy both sides of the river are considered a single entity from Arabistan. Arabistan is part of the Ottoman Empire. Hence, the Shatt al-Arab was to be considered as under the possession of the Ottoman Empire (Hunseler, 1984). In the 19th Century, boundary problems continued. In 1823, a boundary problem surrounding the Muhammarah surfaced and Persians settled in the city (Hunseler, 1984). Both Russia and Great Britain extended their assistance on the matter. On May 15, 1843, a boundary committee was formed and gathered in Erzerum, a city in Turkey. The committee consisted of representatives from Turkey, Persia, Russia and Britain. A treaty was created on May 31, 1847, and contained three major guidelines. First, Muhammarah and its harbor, as well as Khidhr Island, were awarded to Persia. Meanwhile, Turkey was granted admission to Zuhab and Sulaymaniyah. Second, the committee was designated â€Å"in situ† to delineate the specific course of the boundary (Hunseler, 1984, p. 11). Lastly, the Ottoman Empire was given the entire Shatt al-Arab extending to the marker on the east, except for the territories mentioned above (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty of 1847 was rather ambiguous, and its inherent vagueness proved to be its biggest flaw (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty did not address the question of which nation had the responsibility over the eastern shore. While the Shatt al-Arab was placed under Turkish jurisdiction, the specifications of the border were not indicated. Turkey wanted to resolve the issue over the treaty’s vague statements regarding Arabistan/ Khuzistan. As a result, Russia and Great Britain included an â€Å"explanatory note† to assert that the problem raised by Turkey was not compromised by the treaty’s lack of clarity (Hunseler, 1984, p. 11). Turkey declined to approve the treaty until Persia acknowledged the note as part of the treaty (Hunseler, 1984). Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan acknowledged the note and signed the treaty as a delegate of the Persia. After the Persian administration discovered the inclusion of the added note, it nullified the treaty and failed to approve it. They argued that the Persian representative had no power to sign the document (Hunseler, 1984). To address the issue, the boundary committee inspected the Turkish-Persian border from 1850 until 1852 (Hunseler, 1984). Unfortunately, the commission was not able to do its job properly because of the opposing claims of Turkish and Persian commissioners. Persia maintained that they were given the entire expanse found east of the Shatt al-Arab, while Turkey opposed the claim. The committee was unable to provide a definite proposition to solve the problem. While the committee continued its efforts in the northern area of the Shatt al-Arab, the determination of the boundaries of the river’s region was postponed indefinitely (Hunseler, 1984). Persia was relentless in its efforts to claim territories and continued to bring up its border issues in the succeeding years. Persia sought Russia and Britain to mediate on the border problem (Hunseler, 1984). Persia wanted to share control of the Shatt al-Arab with Turkey; the state also wanted to discuss the rights with regards to the harbor. Unfortunately, Britain and Russia were not in agreeable terms since the mid-19th Century. Hence, both nations were not prepared to mediate in behalf of the Shatt al-Arab tension. On August 31, 1907, the Anglo-Russian convention had an agreement. This agreement divided Persia into three separate zones. In the northern part of Persia, Russia maintained a sphere of influence. In the southern area, Britain had its own sphere. Meanwhile, the middle area was considered as neutral ground. It was not until after this division was established that the Anglo-Russian concern for the Turkish-Persian border was revived (Hunseler, 1984). Russia became once again involved with Persian-Turkish affairs because it was specifically interested with the province of Azerbaijan in Persia (Hunseler, 1984). The interest was the result of strategic and economic factors in relation to Turkey. On the contrary, Britain was different from Russia because its interests were not limited to Persia alone. Britain was also focused on the Turkish territory of the Shatt al-Arab because it played a crucial part in British interests in the Gulf area. In July 1911, an Anglo-Turkish mediation in attempt to come up with a resolution that would define the territorial claims and rights in the Arab-Persian Gulf region began. On July 29, 1913, the resolution was signed by Turkey and Britain. The agreement included the decisions regarding the status of Arab sheikdoms. The resolution also included the agreements about the Shatt al-Arab and its significance to the increasing British authority in Arabistan and Iraq. The resolution proved to be beneficial for Turkey, but only because Britain acted on it for its own advantage. Meanwhile, Russia was outraged by the Anglo-Turkish agreement and initially renounced it. Britain caught Russia by surprise by awarding the Shatt al-Arab in its entirety to Turkey. Russia had its own interests to protect in Shatt al-Arab and the Gulf area, and the agreement served as a hindrance to the Russian cause. However, Britain gave Russia the guarantee that it would offer assistance in the latter’s interest in the northern section of the Turkish-Persian border. After Britain gave its guarantee, Russia acknowledged the Anglo-Turkish agreement (Hunseler, 1984). On December 21, 1911, Persian Foreign Minister and Turkish representatives from Tehran gathered in Istanbul to create a boundary commission to resolve the Turkish-Persian border problem (Hunseler, 1984). The commission began to meet in March 1912; by August, the commission had convened a total of 18 times. In the beginning, the efforts of the commission seemed futile due to Persia’s disapproval of a specific â€Å"note explicative† of April 26, 1847 (Hunseler, 1984, p. 13). However, Russia exerted influence and Tehran was forced to agree on the note on August 15, 1912. The early progress of the Turkish-Persian commission was accompanied by statements already found in the Four-Power Protocol of Constantinople dated on November 17, 1913. With regards to the area of the Shatt al-Arab, the definition of the border was determined in conformity with the Second Treaty of Erzerum of 1847. According to the treaty, the Shatt al-Arab is considered as a Turkish territory excluding the limitations concerning Abadan and Muhammarah. By November 1913, two-thirds of the border assignment was completed. The task of settling the complete boundary was given to a Four-Power Delimitation Commission. This commission had to define the border based on what was 1869’s â€Å"carte identique† (Hunseler, 1984, p. 13). The commission started working in 1914. Unfortunately, the First World War broke out. The emergence of the war hindered Persia and Turkey from acknowledging the border (Hunseler, 1984). The Aftermath of World War I: The Iranian-Iraq Disagreement on the Shatt al-Arab The conflict and rivalry between Iran and Iraq officially started after the First World War (Hunseler, 1984). The outcome of the war significantly altered the issue over the borders concerning the Shatt al-Arab. Hunseler (1984) explained: â€Å"The British mandate of Iraq, which had come about in Mesopotamia, entered into the Turkish boundary claims against Iran, although it also impinged upon British navigational privileges on the Shatt al-Arab† (p. 14). The aftermath of the Great War also allowed Iran to experience a dramatic political transformation. In 1921, Muhammad Reza Khan came into power. Under his reign, Iran became resistant to the established agreements regarding the Shatt al-Arab (Hunseler, 1984). It was also in 1921 when Khaz’al, the Sheik of Muhammarah, lost. Khaz’al was a known supporter of the British cause. With his defeat, Iran was granted the opportunity to fervently defend its own interests on the Shatt al-Arab conflict. Due to the new found empowerment of Iran, Britain was suddenly placed in a position wherein it should implement its rules without putting its Iranian interests in jeopardy (Hunseler, 1984). Meanwhile, Iraq asserted its control over the Shatt al-Arab (Hunseler, 1984). Due to the claim, Iran declined to recognize the state of Iraq. In 1929, Iran did give diplomatic recognition to Iraq, but only because it sought to gain the attention of Britain. Iran hoped that by acknowledging Iraq as a state, Britain would be sympathetic towards the Iranian cause. Britain was still interested in Iran because of economic reasons; the former is involved with the latter through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Moreover, Britain was still interested with the Shatt al-Arab issue. This was because it could provide the British complete access to the refineries located in Abadan. On August 11, 1929, the Iranian and Iraqi governments had interchanged several notes. This exchange gave way to the establishment of a temporary arrangement to manage the relations between the two states involved. The arrangement included settlements on trade and navigation. However, the negotiations failed because Iraq and Britain refused to recognize the jurisdiction of Iran on the half of the river (Hunseler, 1984). When Britain decided to remove its authority on Iraq and break away from their alliance in 1930, it imposed the right of the British navy to pass through the Shatt al-Arab anytime, regardless if it was wartime or peacetime (Hunseler, 1984). However, Iran had no intention in being involved in a peaceful settlement. The Iranian government also declined to accept the legitimacy of the border. On March 25, 1924, Iran announced its non-acceptance of determination of the boundary as stated in the Constantinople Protocol. The Iranian government also refused to recognize similar settlements created on September 20 and December 2 in 1931. The situation worsened when Iran sent four gunboats to pass through Shatt al-Arab and proceed until Muhammarah. Due to this incident, problems regarding the pilot and the flags of the ships were added to the already intense conflict (Hunseler, 1984). The boundary issue as well as the flag and pilot inquiries which remained unanswered increased the tension surrounding the conflict (Hunseler, 1984). On November 29, 1934, the Iranian government was forced to seek assistance from the League of Nations in an effort to address the problem. Unfortunately, the League of Nations and the representatives it sent failed to bring any positive change in the current situation. The only thing which provided temporary resolution to the problem was the Middle East pact of 1935, which Iran had introduced with the help of Turkey. The pact presented an opportunity wherein all points of disagreement could be settled. On July 4, 1937, a treaty on the Iranian-Iraqi border was agreed upon in Tehran. The treaty upheld the conditions indicated in the 1913/14 Protocols of Constantinople. According to the treaty, the Iran-Iraq border would remain along the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab. There were specific considerations made for Abadan and Muhammarah. Iran was also awarded an anchorage zone in Abadan which was four miles long. In addition, the treaty rendered the river as open territory, as it allowed access to naval ships of Iran and Iraq and traders of all countries. A transit fee was imposed, but this would be utilized for purposes of maintenance as well as the development of the shipping lanes in the river. In another decision, both sides agreed to accept the protocol within two years after the agreement had been reached (Hunseler, 1984). The adoption of the covenant was not implemented (Hunseler, 1984). On December 8, 1938, the commission in charge of the Iranian-Iraqi boundary started working on the confluence of the Shatt al-Arab and the Khayeen. The efforts of the commission were stalled by opposing translations of the treaty and the definite determination of the border. The Iranian government submitted suggestions regarding the balance of power between Iran and Iraq with regards to supervising and safeguarding the Shatt al-Arab shipping lanes. Meanwhile, the Iraqi administration saw this move as a threat to the sovereignty of the Iraqis on the river (Hunseler, 1984). In the 1950s, Iran and Iraq had another opportunity to resolve their issues regarding the Shatt al-Arab border (Hunseler, 1984). In 1955, both countries, along with Britain, Pakistan and Turkey agreed upon the Baghdad Pact (Karsh, 2002). This pact was initiated by the West and was established to strengthen defense and security in the region. In October 1957, King Faisal of Iraq paid a state visit to Iran (Hunseler, 1984). In this encounter, both nations reached an agreement regarding the Shatt al-Arab problem. Iran and Iraq agreed on two points. First, there will be a commission to be based in Baghdad which is assigned to work out the details of the joint supervision of the Shatt al-Arab. Second, a Swedish adjudicator will be in charge of delineating the border; this arbitrator is to be situated in Tehran and must work with the joint commission. Once again, an agreement between Iran and Iraq was hindered by yet another occurrence. On July 14, 1958, a revolution broke out in Baghdad (Hunseler, 1984). The change in Iraqi governance eventually disrupted the recently resumed development of Iranian-Iraqi ties (Hunseler, 1984). Also, the political change once again awakened the border conflict on the Shatt al-Arab and the land borders. Four short months after General Abd al-Karim took control, the revolutionary administration of Iraq declared that they would extend their claim on the river to 12 miles. On November 28, 1959, Iranian Shah Reza Pahlevi revived their request to have the border line of the river drawn along the middle. He justified his demand on grounds of Iraq’s clear violation of the 1937 treaty. He also argued that because they were already in the 20th Century, a river which served as a boundary such as Shatt al’Arab cannot be attached to the absolute sovereignty of either nation. General Qasim addressed the demand of the shah with another demand. Iraq sought to regain the anchorage zone awarded to Iran in the 1937 treaty. Despite their counter demand, Qasim still wanted to resolve the dispute through peaceful means. Iraq was willing to withdraw their claim of the anchorage zone if Iran would acknowledge the Iraq’s demands on the river and the treaty of 1937. The peaceful settlement was not reached. On December 10, 1959, Abbas Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Aram declined Iraq’s offer. Nine days later, General Qasim reasserted Iraq’s legal right to the anchorage zone without insisting on its return. He also appealed for Iran to value the early treaties. General Qasim suggested that they could address the problem with the help of the United Nations. However, Iran provoked Iraq again when the local newspaper Ettelaat stated that â€Å"the existence of Iraq was in any event a historical misunderstanding and the whole of Iraq a Persian province† (as cited in Hunseler, 1984, p. 17). An armed struggle between Iran and Iraq was quelled before the further tension could develop. On March 5, 1959, Iran became involved with the United States in a defense settlement (Hunseler, 1984). Soon after, Iran felt coerced by Russia. Iran had reasons to be concerned. It was threatened by Soviet influence and the possible circulation of further revolutionary ideals. Meanwhile, Iraq was also concerned with the threat of the United Arab Republic, a state established in 1958 as a result of the merger between Syria and Egypt. Abd al-Karim Qasim was frightened that Syria might provide assistance to Iraqi Nasserites if and when a war with Iran occurs. Hence, there was no real war between both parties at that time. The tension manifested itself through a media war between Iran and Iraq (Hunseler, 1984). In 1967, Britain declared its wishes to pull out from the Gulf area. Prime Minister Harold Wilson expressed the desire of the British administration to remove its military troops located ‘east of Suez’ (as cited in Hunseler, 1984, p. 17). With this announcement, Iran wanted to replace British forces with their own troops on the moment of the latter’s departure (Hunseler, 1984). The 1967 blockage of the Suez Canal was a welcome development, as it prevented Soviet activity in the Gulf region. In terms of security concerns, Iran wanted to unify and lead the Arab countries in the region. The supposed partnership had the goal of preventing the spread of Soviet control and power of revolutionary nations and factions, such as South Yemen and Iraq. The Arab countries in the Gulf were cautious in dealing with Iran. While they were hesitant to collaborate with Iran which was associated with Israel, they did not want to create a rift among the states (Hunseler, 1984). Iran continued to strongly pursue its ambition of becoming an unshakeable force in the Gulf region (Hunseler, 1984). In 1969, it condemned the 1937 treaty. The shah knew that if Iran wanted to govern and manipulate the shipping lanes in the Gulf, it must have exclusive control of the river. This move would also liberate the Iranian ports on Abadan and Khorramshahr from Iraqi jurisdiction. On one instance, an Iranian vessel sailed despite the absence of an Iraqi pilot. It departed from the Khorramshahr port with the assistance of Iranian patrol vessels and successfully arrived at the Persian-Arab Gulf. Iraq was aware of the violation, but it did not wage a war against Iran due to the weakness of the military (Hunseler, 1984). After 1972, the shah became more determined to cripple Iraq. After the completion of the Iraqi-Soviet friendship treaty, the Shah approached American President Richard Nixon to ask for assistance in the Kurdish cause in Iraq (Hunseler, 1984). This action was done with the objective of weakening the Iraqi army through an attack on its internal disputes. In August 1972, another uprising emerged in Kurdistan. The Iraqi administration and Kurdish chief Mullah Mustafa Barzani met in March 1970 and agreed on the autonomy of Kurdistan beginning in 1974. However, the agreement was threatened by the support of Iran and the United States for Barzani. Because of this, the Kurdish insurgents continued to hold on to their weapons and proceed with the civil war. Meanwhile, the Iraqi forces benefited from the Iraqi-Soviet friendship treaty, for it allowed for a steady supply of ammunition from Russia. The weapons were instrumental in guaranteeing the military success of Iraq. Nevertheless, the malfunctioning of the army’s weapons and the failure of the Soviet Union to provide more ammunition endangered the progress Iraq had in its fight against the Kurds. In the early part of March 1975, the Iraqi government was prompted to consider Iran’s proposition that it would refrain from supporting the Kurds if the former would approve the latter’s suggestion to resolve the border issue by placing the border line along the thalweg (Hunseler, 1984). On June 13, 1975, Iran and Iraq agreed on yet another treaty in Baghdad (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty consisted of four crucial agreements. First, the boundaries will be definitely marked based on the Constantinople Protocol of 1913 and the 1914 proposal created by the committee regarding the establishment of the boundary. Second, the river boundaries would be situated in the middle, or the thalweg. According to Willet (2004), the thalweg was the â€Å"central deepest part of the river† (p. 7). Third, there are two things to be rebuilt: the mutual trust between both nations as well as the security of the land boundaries they shared. Also, the invasion on both sides will be stopped. Lastly, the problem will be settled upon with the acknowledgement of the aforementioned points. When Iraq signed the treaty, the country accepted the thalweg agreement for the first time. After five years, it became evident that the said recognition was merely the result of coercion from Iran’s side. The acceptance of Iraq was also caused by the failure of the Soviet Union to provide weapons. Nonetheless, the compromise made regarding the Shatt al-Arab paved the way for the Kurdish civil war to stop. Meanwhile, the relevance of the river in terms of Iranian strategy was relatively reduced. This was because Iran transferred its navy from Khorramshahr to the Bandar Abbas port in August 1978 (Hunseler, 1984). The Iran-Iraq War from a Political Perspective The dispute over the borders and boundaries of the river of Shatt al-Arab was instrumental in the emergence of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980. While the territorial conflicts played a crucial role in causing the war, the political conditions in both countries must also be considered as initiators. The transition in the governments helped influence the leaders on how to deal with the Shatt al-Arab issue. In Iran, there was a dramatic shift in leadership as the Shah was removed from power through a revolution led by a radical Muslim. In Iraq, several coups have altered governance while the rise of the Ba’ath Socialist Party to power resulted in the domination of Saddam Hussein. Both countries longed to dominate the other and emerge as the most powerful in the region (Jacoby, 2008). The Iranian-Iraqi situation under the Rule of the Shah In the 1970s, the tension between Iran and Iraq was heightened (Karsh, 2002). This was because of the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, became aggressive and tried to present Iran as the dominant force in the Persian Gulf. The Shah had been governing the Iran for decades. However, he was temporarily overthrown from power. In 1953, the head of the Iranian Parliament started a coup to remove the Shah (Willett, 2004). The coup succeeded and Pahlavi vacated the Iranian leadership for a brief time. However, the United States

The Importance of Adam Smiths Work to Economic Thought Essay -- Adam

The Importance of Adam Smith's Work to Economic Thought Adam Smith is widely regarded as the father of economics as a social science, and is perhaps best known for his work The Wealth of Nations. Throughout this work Smith states and informs towards his belief that society is not at its most productive when ruled over by rules and limitations with regards to trade, and that in order for markets to maximise prosperity, a free trade environment should be made accessible. In this essay I intend to asses the way in which many of Smiths theories taken directly form his works can be applied to past and current situations, first from an economic then social, and then a political point of view. I will also outline some of Smiths major theories on market determining factors, such as supply and demand, and the labour theory of value, with focus on how these theories can be applied to current day situations, demonstrating the strength of his works. I believe it is first important to mention that Smith was raised in a market environment in which Mercantilism was regarded as the most positive policy with which to increase a countries wealth. This theory is based upon the idea that a countries assets are a measure of its prosperity as a nation, and so therefore was often implemented using such policies as high rates of exports, and low rates of imports. In order to ensure this low rate of imports tariffs were often imposed on goods entering the country. Adam Smith was one of the first men to voice his opinions on this mercantile system, stating that the policies were flawed, and that assets and wealth were not good measures of a countries prosperity, and that in fac... ...cy. I don’t believe that without Smith, economics would not exist, but I do feel it would lack in much of its transferability between past and modern day scenarios. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/wealth_nations.html - Shopping trolley example of invisible hand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/wealth_nations.html - Shopping trolley example of invisible hand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour Canterbury E R A History of Economic Thought, Penguin, London 1991 Dowd D Capitalism and Economics, Pluto, London 1995 Smith A The Wealth of Nations, Dswavid Campbell Publishers 1991

Benefits of the Internet

Reviews and investigation have concluded that the Internet was one of the most important inventions in the last years, and its development is growing every day. People’s lives have changed since this technology arrived.The main idea of my speech will be to explain the audience how   we benefit from the internet today, and how its development has made our lives easier. It will be an informative speech, but the idea is not to make it a technical speech with technical content, but a speech easy to understand for others. I will have to take into account that almost everybody knows about the internet, but the audience may not realize how useful it is, and how we benefit from it.I will try to give the audience some examples that will make them understand what do I mean by â€Å"benefits†, trying to make clear stories about each of the main uses of the internet, as for example how people started using email instead of regular letters, or visiting web sites instead of spendin g hours in a library. I will have to be clear with my messages and try to maintain the audience’s attention by using simple ideas because people usually don’t like to listen about technology as it seems a boring subject. The information I will use it will be based on my own experience, so that will help the speech content to have a humanized aspect.I don’t think that I will be using many kinds of visual aids in this subject, although I might be presenting some transparencies with facts about the increase in the usage of the internet and the benefits of it, and this will help to reinforce the ideas to the audience while I explain them.While I was having a conversation with my classmates that helped me choose the topic for my speech, I tried to talk to them and see what each of them did with the internet and how they took advantage of it. This will help me to more or less see what can I focus on, and on what I will have to be more specific.The interest of the audi ence will be difficult to maintain if I don’t start with a good motivation, so I will try to begin the speech with something interesting and completely new about the internet, like a future project that engineers are working on that might not be known yet, but that the audience might like for the future. It is a wide topic, so I will try to make it as clear as possible, so as to be manageable and understandable.     

T-Test and Anova - 2114 Words

BUS 310 Notes regarding Two-Sample t-Tests and ANOVAs In Chapter 9, we learned how to conduct a t test of a hypothesis when we were testing the mean of a single sample group against some pre-determined value (i.e., the 21.6 gallons of milk consumption as the national average). This week, in Chapter 10, we will see how to test hypotheses that involve more than one sample group—such as testing to see if males are significantly taller than females. If we have two groups, then the technique that we will use will still be a t test. If we have more than two groups, then we will have to use a different test called Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, for short). The good news is that the decision rules for hypothesis testing that we learned†¦show more content†¦Since the company wants to see if the new software is quicker, our hypotheses would be: H0:  µC ≠¤  µN Ha:  µC  µN In this case,  µN stands for the mean time to complete using the new software and  µC stands for the mean time to complete using the current software. In our alternative hypothesis, we are speculating that the current software would take a longer mean time as compared with the new software. Just like last week, since the alternative hypotheses contains (as opposed to ≠ ), this is a one-tailed test. To conduct our test, we first have to enter the data, then we go to the Data Ribbon and select Data Analysis. Within the popup box, we choose t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances and we should get a popup box that looks like this: In the box for Variable 1 Range, we select the data for the current software (including the column label), A1:A13. In the box for Variable 2 Range, we select the data for the new software, B1:B13. Since we included the labels within our data ranges (we’ll see why in a minute), we need to check the Labels box. Note that Alpha is already set to 0.05. If the problem tells us to use a different alpha, then we would change that, but we will virtually always use alpha = .05 (95% confidence) in business research. The only other than that we need to do is put 0 (zero) in the Hypothesized Mean Difference box. While itShow MoreRelatedThe Utilization Of T Test999 Words   |  4 PagesThe utilization of t-test, ANOVA, and comparing group means are essential in social research. When the researcher uses a test, the goal is to compare the averages of the two groups in order to determine if the sample population has shown any differences in the variables studied. Comparing group mean s through t-test and ANOVA is needed in social research as its goal is to produce results from the sample that can be generalized to the the population. In this paper will discuss what the author ofRead MoreHeart Disease Prevalence On Healthy Vs Unhealthy Diet1087 Words   |  5 Pagesexample of a t-test will be shown in this assignment with my research topic of heart disease prevalence on healthy versus unhealthy diet. Since my basic study is the current heart disease topic of healthy versus unhealthy diet, it will be depicted on a t-test. How the study will be conducted and the subjects will be explained in more detail. The independent and dependent variables will be mentioned and along with reporting the results. Furthermore, ANOVA and ANCOVA are other statistical tests that willRead MoreVariance Is A Statistical Method Used For Test Differences Between Two Or More Independent Groups?1023 Words   |  5 Pagesstatistical method used to test differences between two or more mean s. ANOVA is used to test general rather than specific differences among means. An ANOVA conducted on a design in which there is only one factor is called a one-way ANOVA. The One-Way ANOVA is considered an omnibus test because it indicates whether or not there are any significant differences in the means between any of the groups. However, it does not indicate which mean are different. The One-way ANOVA compares the means of the samplesRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Quantitative Study Was To Determine1620 Words   |  7 Pagesthe mean was determined for both elementary and secondary survey responses. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences among means (Spatz, 2008). Therefore, the variance between and within samples was measured by the ANOVA. Independent t-tests were also conducted as a means to assess if statistically significant differences occurred as well as to validate the results of the ANOVA. Research compared principal and teacher perceptions of leader ship styles among elementary and secondaryRead MoreStatistics : A Important Application For Psychology778 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology. Statistics allows for researchers to make inferences, causal conclusions, and find relationships between variables. Many measures and tests account for the wide range of statistical tools a researcher can use to present data they have collected. Some of the ones more widely used in psychology are the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. Other key statistical points used in explaining relationships between variables, used to interpret data results, and making causal conclusions areRead MoreAnalysis of Variance: Anova680 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of variance (ANOVA): How and when it is used in research In statistics, variance refers to the comparison of the means of more than two groups. The term variance may mislead some students to think the technique is used to compare group variances. In fact, analysis of variance uses variance to cast inference on group means...Whether an observed difference between groups mean is surprising will depends on the spread (variance) of the observations within groups. Widely different averagesRead MoreEssay on Psy 315 Week 41089 Words   |  5 Pages10.8, and 19.0. For data analysis, the appropriate test is the t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances. The next table shows the results of this independent t-test. At the .05 significance level, can we conclude that there is a difference in their mean times? Explain these results to a person who knows about the t test for a single sample but is unfamiliar with the t test for independent means. Hypothesis Test: Independent Groups (t-test, unequal variance) Prada Oracle Read MoreNormal Distribution and Points1330 Words   |  6 Pagesone variable that can be accounted for or explained by the variability of a second variable, you would calculate a correlation coefficient, then square it. (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   True   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False | 18. A significant finding with the 2 sample t-test indicates a strong relationship exists between the 2 population means. (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   True   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False | 19. Data which uses number values with an equal distance between values are: (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nominal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ordinal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreNormal Distribution and Points1346 Words   |  6 Pagesvariable that can be accounted for or explained by the variability of a second variable, you would calculate a correlation coefficient, then square it. (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   True   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False | 18. A significant finding with the 2 sample t-test indicates a strong relationship exists between the 2 population means. (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   True   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False | 19. Data which uses number values with an equal distance between values are: (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nominal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ordinal Read MoreDysbindin : A Study886 Words   |  4 PagesQuantification for A; Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test (B) and Student’s t-test (C) were used. (D) Representative images of transfected neurons; scale bar, 20 ï  ­m for upper and 5 ï  ­m for lower, enlarged images. (E) Quantification for D; one way ANOVA on ranks was used to compare across groups (H = 82.78, DF = 6, p 0.001); Student’s t-test was used for vector vs. Dys-siRNA, vector vs. Dys-siRNA + Dys1C-mut, vector vs. Dys-siRNA + Dys1A-mut; Mann-Whitney U test was for vector vs. scrambled, vector vs. Dys1C

Death of a Modernist Salesman Essay - 3513 Words

Death of a Modernist Salesman The modernist movement in writing was characterized by a lack of faith in the traditional ways of explaining life and its meaning. Religion, nationalism, and family were no longer seen as being infallible. For the modernist writers, a sense of security could no longer be found. They could not find any meaning or order in the old ways. Despair was a common reaction for them. The dilemma they ran into was what to do with this knowledge. Poet Robert Frost phrased their question best in his poem â€Å"The Oven Bird.† Frost’s narrator and the bird about which he is speaking both are wondering â€Å"what to make of a diminished thing† (Baym 1103). The modernist writers attempted to mirror this despair and†¦show more content†¦In a sense, Miller is a part of the second half of the modernist movement. His characters in Death of a Salesman are attempting to come to terms with a democratic, capitalistic society which has been functioning for some time. A s well as demonstrating to his audience the hopelessness of Willy’s situation, Miller is also trying to convey that the values society places on material wealth and the models of success they look to are not necessarily the best solution either. Willy is a societal failure, but how successful are the other members of society by comparison? This is the question Miller seems to be asking throughout the play as he shows the demise of Willy’s life and society’s reaction to this demise. Sociologists, psychologists, theologians, and philosophers have found Arthur Miller’s major works, especially his Death of a Salesman, both fascinating and quotable as they discuss problems as ‘alienation’ and ‘loneliness;’ ‘dehumanization’ and ‘desocialization;’ ‘the alienated ego’ and ‘existentialism;’ and ‘dogma’ and ‘freedom.’ (Hayashi v) When the focus of people’s lives becomes money and getting ahead, the essence of what it means to be a human being and the true meaningful things of life are the first things to be put aside, Miller seems to be saying. In order to understand Willy Loman and the struggles with which he is dealing,Show MoreRelated Dehumanization in Death of a Salesman Essay example1245 Words   |  5 PagesDehumanization in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Alienation and loneliness are two of the frequently explored themes in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman.   Yet they can also cause other effects which are just as harmful, if not more so.   In Death of a Salesman, two of these other results are dehumanization and a loss of individual freedom.   This is a very complex web of emotions, but as Miller said, â€Å"Death of a Salesman is not, of course, in the realistic tradition, having broken out into quiteRead MoreModernism Versus Postmodernism918 Words   |  4 PagesPost-modernism follows and shares many of the same ideas as modernism. Though, at the same time, they differ in many ways. These distinctions can be seen in the two works of literature, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller and â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† by David Mamet. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† represents the modernist literature. Modernism is a style of literature that came about after World War I in Europe. It emerged in the United States in the late 1920s. Modernism was the response to the commotionRead MoreImportance Of Modernism In Modern Theatre1042 Words   |  5 Pagesare a common situation in modern theatre, it can be useful to identify the intentions of dramatists and their dedication to this philosophical idea. For analyzing the modernism in modern drama, it is necessary to discuss three modern plays (Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney, and Top Girls by Caryl Churchill) as the way to enhance the understanding of the topic. Initially, it is important to briefly describe the history of modernism and find out the drivingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Of A Salesman And Millers And Williams Plays1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe playwrights we discussed after Tennessee Williams have adapted disparate elements of postmodernism to undermine the modernist assumptions undergirding O’Neill’s, Glaspell’s, Wilder’s, Miller’s and Williams’ plays. I will use Fences, The Hungry Woman, Topdog/Underdog, Glengarry Glen Ross, Six Degrees of Separation, and The Heidi Chronicles to support my claim. To start off, I will come up with working definitions of modernism and post-modernism. Modernism is a movement in culture that seeks toRead MoreModernism is manifested in many various ways in the works by Southern Renaissance writers. All of800 Words   |  4 Pagesis a theme of modernism. Hulga can be looked at as the modernist and her mother, Mrs. Hopewell, can be viewed at the traditional woman. Hulga’s negative outlook on life and refusal to have a belief in religion is modernistic. Modernists embraced the future and were beginning to leave the past behind. They became skeptical about the traditions of their forefathers; they scrutinized traditions. Hulga was very skeptical of the bible salesman, Manley; she felt that she was intellectually superiorRead MoreTragedy And The Common Man Vs Death Of A Salesman1953 Words   |  8 PagesPrompt One— An evaluation of Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross and Miller’s Death of a Salesman both depicts a protagonist that grapples with a moral discrepancy of ideals and disillusionment. This conflict is directly affected by a personal choice that later becomes irrevocable. Shelly from Glengarry Glen Ross and Death of a Salesman Willy, struggle to preserve their reputation. Intertwined with external pressure and family dynamics, these characters represent the quintessential elements of a tragicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Appearance Theme By T. S. Eliot, Tennessee Williams, And Arthur Miller2539 Words   |  11 Pagesappearance has over people has intrigued readers of all time periods, authors T. S. Eliot, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller have shed light on the theme with their works â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† A Streetcar Named Desire, and Death of a Salesman. First off, appearance was exceedingly significant in T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† and readers have a lot to learn from this work. Before examining the theme, the poem’s basic plot, as well as the author of the work,Read MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2091 Words   |  9 Pagesprosperity through hard work. Both in Arthur Miller s Death of a Salesman and F Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is a strong theme throughout, as ultimately the protagonists in the novel and play fail to achieve their dream. As a result, the reader is forced to consider whether the American Dream is an unattainable concept or if it is due to personal interpretation. The Great Gatsby written in 1925 and Death of a Salesman 1949, gives a slightly different perspective being postRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1455 Words   |  6 PagesThis was the beginning of a century full of atrocities and evil that would scar th e world, and the people living in it, forever. The best example of this is The Great War, or World War One. This war was called the war to end all wars. It showed more death and destruction than any war prior, and for the first time, not only would the armies and governments suffer for their country, but civilians would be affected as well. The Great War, â€Å"killed romanticism and sentimentalism† (Malcolm Bradbury). RomanticismRead MoreThemes of Modernism859 Words   |  4 Pagesoutlook on life, but the new era of Modernism rejected this idea and chose to portray life to be extremely pessimistic. Many of the Modern writers showed the world and society to be in an extreme disarray and despair. Some of the most influential Modernist writers even tried some radical experiments with form, such as free verse and some of them even presented some new ideas to the public, such as stream of consciousness. There are many things that these writers did to change the world of literature

finance lab week 3 - 787 Words

FIN 370 Lab Study Guide - All Weeks - Additional Formula (Compound interest) to what amount will the following investments accumulate? a. $5,000 invested for 10 years at 10 percent compounded annually 5000 x (1.10)^10 = 5000 x2.5937 =12968.5 b. $8,000 invested for 7 years at 8 percent compounded annually 8000 x (1.08)^7 = 8000 x 1.7138 = 13710.59 c. $775 invested for 12 years at 12 percent compounded annually 775 x (1.12)^12 = 775 x3.8959 =3019.38 d. $21,000 invested for 5 years at 5 percent compounded annually 21000 x (1.05)^5 =21000x 1.2762 =26801.91 (Compound value solving for n) How many years will the following take? a. $500 to grow to $1,039.50 if invested at 5 percent compounded annually 500/1039.5 =.481 Lookup .48†¦show more content†¦$500 a year for 10 years discounted back to the present at 10 percent 500 x {1-(1/1.1)10}/.1 = 500 x 6.1445 =3072 (Compound value solving for I) at what annual rate would the following have to be investe a. $500 to grow to $1,948.00 in 12 years 1948/500 = (1+r)12 12 under root 3.896 =1.12 =1.12-1 = .12 or 12% Rate = 12% b. $300 to grow to $422.10 in 7 years 422.1/300 = (1+r)7 7 under root 1.407 =1.05 =1.05-1 = .05 or 5% Rate = 5% c. $50 to grow to $280.20 in 20 years 280.2/50 = (1+r)20 20 under root 5.604 =1.09 =1.09-1 = .09 or 9% Rate = 9% d. $200 to grow to $497.60 in 5 years 497.6/200 = (1+r)5 5 under root 2.488 =1.2 =1.2-1 = .2 or 20% Rate = 20% (Compound annuity) what is the accumulated sum of each of the following streams of payme a. $500 a year for 10 years compounded annually at 5 percent 500x{1.05)10-1}/.05 = 500x12.5778 =6289 b. $100 a year for 5 years compounded annually at 10 percent 100 x (1.10)5-1/.10 = 100 x 6.1051 =610.51 c. $35 a year for 7 years compounded annually at 7 percent 35 x (1.07)7-1/.07 = 35x 8.65 = 302.89 d. $25 a year for 3 years compounded annually at 2 percent 25 x (1.02)3-1/.02 = 25 x 3.06 = 76.51 ditional Formulas stments accumulate? e following take? Compound Interest Calculator Investment Amount Years 4900.00 9 Solution: $10,642.28 Compound Value Solving for n Calculator Investment Amount Future AmountShow MoreRelatedFin 419 Edu the Power of Possibility/Fin419Edu.Com1466 Words   |  6 Pages419 Week 1 Individual Assignment Limited Liability Corporation and Partnership Paper (2 Papers) FIN 419 Week 1 DQ 1 FIN 419 Week 1 DQ 2 FIN 419 Week 1 DQ 3 FIN 419 Week 1 DQ 4 FIN 419 Week 1 Individual Finance lab FIN 419 Week 2 Individual Assignment Financial Outcomes Paper FIN 419 Week 2 DQ 1 FIN 419 Week 2 DQ 2 FIN 419 Week 2 DQ 3 FIN 419 Week 2 DQ 4 FIN 419 Week 2 Individual Finance lab Problems FIN 419 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Capital Valuation Paper FIN 419 Week 3 TeamRead Moresyllabus fin6306 Quantitative methods in finance UT Dallas1311 Words   |  6 PagesQUANTITATIVE METHODS IN FINANCE FIN6306 Fall 2014 Office Hours: TuesWedThur 9:00AM – 11:00AM Or by appointment Dr. Liping Ma Office: ATC1.6B01 Email: Liping.Ma@utdallas.edu Phone: (972) 883-7521 Other Information I strongly urge you to use email (the above address) to contact me outside of class. I check my email messages daily Monday through Friday, you can be sure I will receive your message this way. General Course Information Students are responsible for all information in this syllabusRead MoreHelping Chinese Consumers Making the Informed Choices: the Challenge of Trust994 Words   |  4 Pagesdisputes between the consumer and manufacturer. SWOT ANALYSIS for QuarkMan Strengths Manages their own lab and return team Strong relationship with third party labs and research institution labs State of the art testing lab with 400 pieces of equipment and 3000 square meters External expert network from numerous industries In-house lab is a stand-along profitable business unit which finances the media unit Weaknesses Hard for an independent and fair media company to be profitable in China Read MoreBasic Construction Company Profile1169 Words   |  5 Pages2. Establish the quality objectives for site. 3. Conduct management reviews of the site once in a month. 4. Ensure that the resources required for the completion of the project are available on time. Customer Focus : The management shall keep in mind the requirements of the clients as stated in the contract agreement and the internal requirements like : 1. Completion of the Project by 30.09.2013 2. Defect liability period of 24 months 3. Completion of project as per the latest revisedRead MoreProject Management Models973 Words   |  4 Pagesconstructing road, constructing a shelter house, purchasing picnic equipment, and so on. The PERT/CPM network shown below is being used in the planning, scheduling, and controlling of this project. D 2 A 9 1 6 3 4 H 6 C E 0 I 6 7 3 Activity time in weeks B 6 3 G 2 F 5 3 Network 1-1: Network diagram for the Hamilton County Parks Project. a. b. c. d. Briefly define and describe the function of dummy activities. What is the critical path for this network (Network 1-1)? ShowRead MoreSalt River Labs Case Study Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesSalt River Labs Q- What is the major problem at SRL?   Who are the people involved and how do they contribute to the problem? 1. There are many problems that are apparent at Salt River Labs. The first major problem is the purchasing process. There are way too many people involved in this process. The current process involves series of five different people, or groups of people. This starts with the Chemists who send requisitions to supervisors, who send the requisition to Suzie Martinez, whoRead Moreswot analysis of aerotek1217 Words   |  5 Pagesand threats a business or event faces. Ideally it is one step in a process which helps you to 1. Appreciate the strengths of a situation, and you may then decide to build on these; 2. Define the weaknesses, which you might choose to minimize 3. Make the most of the opportunities that present themselves, and 4. Recognize the possible threats and treat them in a planned and organized way. SWOT ANALYSIS OF AEROTEK AEROTEK has around 200 office locations in and around USA, Canada and EuropeRead MoreAccentures Strategy And Analytical Capabilities1593 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization’s speed to insight, decision-making and business outcomes. The platform has a preconfigured, industrialized end-to-end architecture that typically can be provisioned within 24 hours and generate initial actionable analytics insights in weeks, as opposed to conventional approaches that can take months. Centralized cloud management capabilities are provided via the Accenture Cloud Platform, a multi-cloud management platform. 2. Uniqueness - There is no single path to follow to become anRead MoreEconomic Issues In Kansa Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesand salaries due to scarcity. In Table 2 listed above, it states that Kansas must raise taxes or cut spending for the long run for the wellness of Kansas, so it will not perform at zero. Harmful Effects Due to Kansas School’s Budget Refer to Table 3, the local revenue per Pupil between 2014-2015 drastically dropped over $2,000 in Kansas school spending per student. â€Å"We’re hard workers, and it’s high poverty. Sometimes, in poverty, you have that sense of helplessness.†, stated by Steve Jameson,Read MoreElectronic Medical Records (Emr) Project` Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesProject CMGT/410 University of Phoenix Table of Contents Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project 3 Background 3 Statement of Need 3 Objectives 3 Mission and Goals of Project 3 Tasks 4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 5 Critical Path Method (CPM) 6 Performance Measurement 8 Project Plan 8 References 10 Table of Figures Figure 1: Level One 5 Figure 2: Level Two 6 Figure 3 - Critical Path 7 Figure 4: Gantt Chart 9 Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project Background

Martin Luther King Junior is a giant in American History Free Essays

string(101) " of 1963 did not just talk about an idealistic hope of the future but also dealt in some hard facts\." Martin Luther King Junior is a giant in American History. He was a famous leader within the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s and helped lead the way for many improvements for African Americans as they sought to realize their human and civil rights which were guaranteed them under the Constitution of the United States. In trying to secure his civil rights and the rights of all peoples of the United States, he succeeded where other factional parties failed. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Junior is a giant in American History or any similar topic only for you Order Now    While the Black Panthers, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X preached separatism and sometimes hate, Martin Luther King, building upon the teachings of Jesus Christ and his own background as a Baptist minister, taught love and to turn the other cheek, but at the same time, never giving up on what they knew to be right. Martin Luther King’s political life began in 1955 with his leadership in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow law which prohibited blacks from sitting anywhere on a bus other than in the back. Also, within these Kim Crow laws, an African American would be forced to give up that seat to a white man if there was limited room on the bus. The Montgomery Bus Boycott soon followed. Incidentally, earlier that year, the same thing had happened to a 15 year old girl named Claudette Colvin but King was not prompted to get involved in this case, instead opting to concentrate on the running of his church. But this time, King felt that it was necessary to take a stand. And a stand would be required. The bus system was patronized by African Americans to a great degree. And with there being no set date on when the boycott would end and if it would be successful at all, a great sacrifice was going to have to be made. The boycott ended up lasting 382 days.[1] It was only then that the bus system of Montgomery, almost bankrupt by their sharp decline in revenue, decided to integrate all of their buses. The boycott had become a success and with it, the name of Martin Luther King had become a household name within the African American community. Dr. King was also instrumental in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference or the SDLC. This group, popular among both white and black college students, harnessed the moral authority and organized black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform. The key to this method was the use of non violence. Dr. King was always insistent on this tactic be kept as central to their methods. The main target of these non violent protests was the Jim Crow laws which had attempted to keep African Americans in a quasi state of slavery after the Civil War and which had been very hesitant to yield any power over o the black community within the Southern States. Dr. King also knew that these methods, especially on a large scale, would yield a fair amount of press coverage which would work in their favor within the country as a whole. Newspaper, radio and television accounts of the deprivations and inequalities suffered by African Americans helped to shed light on a subject that a good portion of the white community was not fully aware of and needed to be reminded if they were ever going to get involved themselves or at the very least, be sympathetic about the cause. This involvement hit its peak on an August day in 1963 when it was later estimated at over 250,000 people came to march on Washington.[2] The main speaker of the day was Martin Luther King Junior in what contemporary historians have finally come to recognize as one of the most important speeches in not only American History but also world history as his words that day have been quoted by leaders of any country or group that have sought to secure their civil rights. In that speech, Dr. King spoke on the need for people to be judged on the content of their character and not on the color of their skin. As it was too often the case, African Americans would be met with a great deal of assumptions about every aspect of their life by white people who had never really known a   black person and therefore, their judgment was based upon ignorance rather than on facts. Dr. King wished to change this impediment into successful race relations and harmony among all of God’s peoples on this earth. The title of the speech was â€Å"I Have a Dream.† It was a theme that he had spoke on before. He never said it better than on that day. It was the realization that proper race relations could be realized in the future if people came to the realization that they could work together, play together, cry together and pray together and that each person had similar wants and dreams within their own life and for the life of their children. It was this speech, along with his efforts to pass the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the most important civil rights bill in a hundred years, since the passage of the 13th amendment, ending slavery in the United States.[3] These rights helped to close the gap between what was promised to African Americans and the rights that they actually received. Chief among them: the right to vote which ha d been greatly curtailed with the implementation of the oppressive Jim Crow laws. Civil rights for any people cannot be discussed when there is a major difference in the amount of monetary compensation that one receives which is much less than is paid out to somebody of another race. The march on Washington in August of 1963 did not just talk about an idealistic hope of the future but also dealt in some hard facts. You read "Martin Luther King Junior is a giant in American History" in category "Essay examples" Within that speech, were a number of specific demands. One of these demands called for the end of racial discrimination in employment.[4] There was no affirmative action and employers were not pressured to hire African Americans, let alone hire African Americans because they felt that the individual was the most qualified. If the hiring was against the wishes of the employer or if he thought that such a hiring would decreased his business by inciting reprisal from his area, the African American would not be employed. This kept the possibility of African Americans pulling themselves out of poverty and menial jobs, to a minimum and frustration to a maximum. The SDLC was instrumental in setting up protests in the city of New York with signs that read â€Å"Don’t buy where you can’t work.†[5] If there were not laws that helped end employment discrimination, then the next logical step was to his these businesses, King thought, in the pocket book as was done during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Economic problems for the African American was a source of concern for Dr. King and many of his speeches are concerning this. King had read Karl Marx while at college and while he could not support the link to atheism that communism has, he rejected traditional capitalism and sometimes, spoke of his support for a democratic form of socialism. The distribution of wealth for the African American was definitely an impediment to their success. Dr. King spoke to this problem: You can’t talk about solving the economic problem of the Negro without talking about billions of dollars. You can’t talk about the ending of the slums without first saying profit must be taken out of the slums. You’re really tampering and getting on dangerous ground because you are messing with folk then. You are messing with captains of industry†¦ Now this means that we are treading in difficult water, because it really means that we are saying that something is wrong with capitalism†¦ There must be a better distribution of wealth and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism.†[6]   Dr. King often said that the United States was on the wrong side of revolution in the world. The United States would support the revolt of â€Å"the shirtless and barefoot people† of the world but seemed to turn a blind eye towards the problems that a large segment of their own population was enduring right here in America. Economic problems for the African American, Dr. King recognized, was at the center of the frustration that black people felt and the dis illusion that they felt in America’s democratic and economic success. This press towards economic equality was part of Dr. King’s passion until the end of his life. Dr. King also pushed for the passage of what was known as the Poor People’s Bill of Rights. This called for a massive increase in government jobs programs which would be designed to rebuild America’s inner cities and to finally do away with the slums of America which were serving as an impediment to the success of the African American as it could only breed more poverty as well as disunion within one’s own country.[7] Dr. King saw the need as well, to confront Congress’ hostility to the poor and the fact that billions of dollars were being spent to fund the war in Vietnam but only a small percentage of that money was actually being used to rebuild the infrastructure of cities right here in America. King saw a vision for change that engulfed many aspects of life and sources of trouble and pain for the African America. Poverty, racism, the government’ s importance on militarism and materialism as well as the need to reconstruct society were all passions of Dr. King which he felt was worthy enough of becoming his life work. Dr. King was a man who became famous and more importantly influential, because of his mind and heart acting as one. There have been smarter people that Dr. King but none have been as affective because they could spark the passions of a country in the way that Dr. King did. Dr. King was the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace Award to which he told his friends and family, he was mot proud of receiving this award. He also won the 1965 American Jewish Committee award for exceptional advancement of the principle of human liberty. Dr. King was not the first person to recognize the inequality that was present in the lives of African Americans but there were none that put that pain into the series of effective sentences and themes to which he was able to formulate. This takes a mind that is able to encompass a wide range of ideas and theories. Dr. King took his inspiration from the Bible and the teachings of Jesus as he was a Baptist preacher before he was a civil rights leader. But he also read Marx and was inspired by the non violence tactics of Handy as he led India against British colonist in the 1940’s. This makes an intellectual: â€Å"one who gathers among himself, a wide range of ideals and motivations and through a careful study of a specific problem, learns to use what he will to his advantage and the advantage of his people for the greater good of society.†[8] The Black Panthers certainly didn’t do this and Malcolm X did to a degree but not in the way and not to the degree that Martin Luther King did. And that made all the difference. King also received a long list of other prestigious awards. In 1971, he won a Grammy for the Best Spoken Word in Why I Oppose Vietnam and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is also the author of a number of important and influential books as well which he wrote during his time as the leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. Some of these were The Stride Toward Freedom (1958) which detailed the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Where do we go from here: Chaos or Community? (1967) This book answered some his critics, including influential Black Panther leader Hoagie Carmichael, in why violent tactics in the attempt to gain civil rights would only lead to chaos and a step back within the civil rights movement. However, in later years, his intellectual skills within his writings and books have come under scrutiny. Beginning in the 1980’s, questions were being raised as to the authenticity of King’s writings as there was suspicion of plagiarism within some of his speeches. Even his doctrinal dissertation which he wrote while attending Boston University was examined and it was asserted that a sizable portion of his writings (25%) had under them a suspicion of plagiarism. University officials within Boston College came to that conclusion after a lengthy investigation. It was also recognized that Dr. King got his material from a number of black as well as white preachers on the radio and was accused of passing of those words and ideas as his own. But it has also been pointed out that within African American folk preaching and the oral traditions, that often times the ideas of one are fine tuned and changed slightly in order to fit the audience to which Dr. King was speaking. Despite Boston University’s own opinion about these speeches, Dr. King’s degree was not revoked because the officials still believed that the speeches still made an important contribution to the academic world. Dr. King was an intellectual but also a man of the people. Dr. King had a keen understanding of the plight of the African America because he was black, but more importantly he was able to transpose himself into the life and troubles of a garbage worker in Memphis or an elderly lady going home after a hard day at work and simply not wanting to give up her seat to a man simply because he is white. Even with all of the awards that he won and the books that he wrote, this still remained the case until his death in 1968. Dr.   King, by the very nature of his work, was a man that possessed a great social consciousness. Always on the side of the oppressed, Dr. King still continued to recognize the importance of continuing his stance on non violence in order to obtain civil rights for African Americans. This, along with his superior ability as an orator, helped to make him so effective. He knew that he would never be taken seriously and his message would never be able to resonate within the white majority of he had preached separatism or the idea that all white people were devils as Malcolm X did for a good portion of his time as the leader of the Nation of Islam. King knew, and genuinely felt, that it was not the race of an individual but rather racism discrimination and inner prejudice which served as the chief impediment towards one being able to love and respect their fellow human being. Setting the civil rights problem as a moral issue, was able to resonate among many more people than if he had listened to the Black Panthers or angry Africa American young people who chided him for what was seen as he weakness of non violence. Due to this, many young people as well as students, professors and others who perhaps had never before been motivated to take a stand for anything before in their lives, flocked to King’s speeches, protests and marches. This is the work of a man who knew how to use the crowd and their underlining sense of morality, to aid in the securing of civil rights for all peoples within America. The Civil Rights Movement centered on the social injustices that many African Americans were facing in every pocket of the Unit ed States. But it would also be Dr. King’s feelings on Vietnam that would prompt him to alienate himself from a large majority, the silent majority† as President Nixon labeled them, that was in support of the War in Vietnam and therefore, against the harsh criticism that Dr. King levied against the government’s role in that conflict. To be socially conscious does not necessarily mean that one is only aware of what is happening within one’s own town, state or country but the injustice that are occurring anywhere in the world. Not since The Civil War has a conflict polarized the country to the degree that The Vietnam War was able to place upon the country. â€Å"And by 1965, Dr. King was vocal in his opposition to the war and America’s heavy involvement in that conflict in which he saw thousands of poor African Americans, unable to secure a seat in a college university and escape the draft, be sent to the front lines and fight and die for a country that has trea ted them often times, as second class citizens.†[9] This at a time when billions of dollars are being spent to fund this war, when Dr. King saw dozens of other more worthy projects in which the money could be spent to better the lives of not only African Americans but poor whites and Latinos within America’s poorest cities. And Dr. King was all to aware of the fact that these poor cities and the lack of opportunities for the above mentioned only breeds frustration which often times lead to crime and a cyclical effect upon the next generation is often times too strong to avoid. It is this level of social consciousness that helped endear Dr. King to the masses of African Americans, not only during his short time as leader of the civil rights movement but which continues to this day as well. He often times makes the list of the most important and revered figures in American history. His ability of being consciousness of the social ills that befell many African Americans and being able to put those struggles into words is one of hi s most enduring qualities. Dr. King was so effective a leader of the civil rights movement because he was a great orator. If the masses, both then and now were not inspired by his speeches and written word, Dr. King would have become as successful at Ralph Abernathy or Jesse Jackson. Anyone in a leadership position at such a crucial time within the civil rights movement would have gained some degree of recognition but Dr. King would never have reaches the level of greatness that he did if we was a poor orator or writer. His Letter from a Birmingham Jail   as well as his I Have a Dream Speech† are seen as masterpieces to be studied in history as well as political science and English classes all over America and the world. The success of his academic works comes from the fact that he writes and speaks with such passion, During his I Have a Dream Speech, King knew exactly the right time to increase the volume of his diction and when to speak in a calm yet assertive way. If he had shouted the entire speech or had given a meeker version of the speech, it still would have been regarded as important but it could never have risen to the level of greatness which that speech has enjoyed these past forty years. His text as well as his diction and delivery were all flawless. Great orators are also great writers on many occasions. Both Abraham Lincoln and Winston Churchill were methodical in the preparation of their speeches and would practice each speech numerous times as they debated over each and every word within their speech.[10] This was the case with Dr. King. Each speech, especially his I Have a Dream Speech as well as his acceptance speech at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, had within its pages, every word in its specific order, the way in which Dr. King felt his messages would be most effectively portrayed to his audience. And also, speeches whose contents were not practiced to the same degree and repetition are also wonderful as well because Dr. King spoke from the heart, from his experiences and he knew his crowd. This was never seen better than in the last speech he would ever make. On April 3rd, 1968 at Mason Temple, King have a prophetic speech: it doesn’t really matter to me now†¦.Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place, but I’m not concerned about that now. I just want to do God’s will. And he’s allowed me to go to the mountain! And I’ve looked over, and I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. And so I’m happy tonight. I’m not worried about anything. I’m not fearing any man. My eyes have seen the Glory of the coming of the Lord†[11] Such a speech, if anyone has had the pleasure to view it, cannot help but be moved. But the fact that Dr. King was assassinated the very next day, makes the speech that night as well as what makes up the body of his works, that much more important to be saved and remembered. Dr. Martin Luther King Junior was an essential figure in American History and specifically, the Civil Rights Movement. His speeches have been repeated by every leader of every   movement that has sought to secure for its people, equal rights and equal treatment under the law. His importance cannot be underestimated as he took his political, social, economic, intellectual and artistic understandings and molded them together to form a man who was aware of the plight of the poor and oppressed and was able to capture that pain and put it into words in order than the nation as a whole might understand that pain, in a more real, human and affective way than perhaps anyone in American history. And those are the reasons why Dr. Martin Luther King Junior is the great man that he was and which makes him motivate people forty years after his premature death. WORKS CITED Burns, Ken. New York. Boston: PBS Video 1999. Beltry, Mark . The March on Washington. Chicago: Life Magazine. August 30, 1963   p. 24-28 Gordon, Terrance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago: Life Magazine.   April 8, 1968   p. 16-22. McMillian, Joan.   Martin Luther King.: I Have a Dream.   Sacramento: School House Educational Films 197 [1] McMillian, Joan.   Martin Luther King.: I Have a Dream.   Sacramento: School House Educational Films 1971. [2] Beltry, Mark . The March on Washington. Chicago: Life Magazine. August 30, 1963   p. 24-28 [3] McMillian, Joan.   Martin Luther King.: I Have a Dream.   Sacramento: School House Educational Films 1971. [4] Beltry, Mark . The March on Washington. Chicago: Life Magazine. August 30, 1963   p. 24-28 [5] Burns, Ken. New York. Boston: PBS Video 1999. [6] McMillian, Joan.   Martin Luther King.: I Have a Dream.   Sacramento: School House Educational Films 1971 [7] Ibid. [8] Gordon, Terrance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago: Life Magazine.   April 8, 1968   p. 16-22. [9] Gordon, Terrance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago: Life Magazine.   April 8, 1968   p. 16-22. [10] Manchester, William. The Last Lion.   Harper Collins.   New York, 1988. [11] Gordon, Terrance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago: Life Magazine.   April 8, 1968   p. 16-22. How to cite Martin Luther King Junior is a giant in American History, Essay examples